Abstract
Nursery container preemergence herbicides must be applied multiple times, usually every 6 to 8 wk, in order to maintain acceptable weed control. Nursery growers have identified extended duration of container preemergence activity as a research priority for reduction of herbicide usage and costs. The objective of this study was to determine if the combination of slow-release (microencapsulated [ME]) formulations of alachlor and acetochlor with wood-based organic mulches could provide extended efficacy and reduced phytotoxicity vs. over-the-top (OTT) sprays or mulch alone. Efficacy and phytotoxicity studies were conducted over 3 yr with various plants. Both acetochlor formulation OTT sprays reduced spirea shoot dry weights at 45 and 110 days after treatment (DAT) compared with the controls, and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) acetochlor OTT spray also reduced shoot dry weights of rose. No herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combination reduced rose or spirea shoot dry weights. EC acetochlor + hardwood (in 2003) was the only treatment to provide 100% weed control at 45 and 110 DAT. The addition of EC or ME acetochlor to mulch reduced phytotoxicity and extended efficacy in 2002 and 2003; alachlor EC or ME TBM did not. Regardless of bark type, 3-yr average EC and ME TBM were 80% more effective than untreated bark mulch (UBM) and 83% and 98% more effective at 45 and 110 DAT, respectively than their comparable OTT sprays. Of the eight treatments that received ratings above commercially acceptable, averaged over dates and years, the three providing the least phytotoxicity and greatest extent, consistency, and duration of efficacy were all TBM combinations: EC acetochlor + Douglas fir or hardwood bark, EC acetochlor + pine, and ME acetochlor + pine. TBM-reduced phytotoxicity compared with OTT sprays.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor OTT sprays reduced spirea shoot dry weight versus controls at 45 and 110 DAT.
Verbatim
e0“Both acetochlor formulation OTT sprays reduced spirea shoot dry weights at 45 and 110 days after treatment (DAT) compared with the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
EC acetochlor OTT spray reduced rose shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- rosee0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- emulsifiable concentrate (EC) acetochlor OTT spraye0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“emulsifiable concentrate (EC) acetochlor OTT spray also reduced shoot dry weights of rose”
Claim · model-written summary
No herbicide-treated bark mulch combination reduced rose shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- rosee0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combinatione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weightse0
- Direction
- Noe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“No herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combination reduced rose or spirea shoot dry weights”
Claim · model-written summary
No herbicide-treated bark mulch combination reduced spirea shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- spireae0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combinatione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weightse0
- Direction
- Noe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“No herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combination reduced rose or spirea shoot dry weights”
Claim · model-written summary
EC acetochlor plus hardwood gave 100% weed control at 45 and 110 DAT in 2003.
- Treatment
- EC acetochlor + hardwoode0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 45 and 110 DATe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“EC acetochlor + hardwood (in 2003) was the only treatment to provide 100% weed control at 45 and 110 DAT”
t0“Nursery Container Weed Control”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding EC or ME acetochlor to mulch reduced phytotoxicity and extended efficacy in 2002 and 2003.
- Treatment
- EC or ME acetochlor to mulche0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicity and extended efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 2002 and 2003e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The addition of EC or ME acetochlor to mulch reduced phytotoxicity and extended efficacy in 2002 and 2003”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor EC or ME treated bark mulch did not reduce phytotoxicity and extend efficacy.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“alachlor EC or ME TBM did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Across bark types, EC and ME treated bark mulch was 80% more effective than untreated bark mulch.
- Treatment
- EC and ME TBMe0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 3-yr averagee0
- Comparator
- untreated bark mulch (UBM)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of bark type, 3-yr average EC and ME TBM were 80% more effective than untreated bark mulch (UBM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated bark mulch was 83% more effective than comparable OTT sprays at 45 DAT.
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 83%e0
- Qualifier
- 45 and 110 DATe0
- Comparator
- comparable OTT sprayse0
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“83% and 98% more effective at 45 and 110 DAT, respectively than their comparable OTT sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated bark mulch was 98% more effective than comparable OTT sprays at 110 DAT.
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Qualifier
- 45 and 110 DATe0
- Comparator
- comparable OTT sprayse0
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“83% and 98% more effective at 45 and 110 DAT, respectively than their comparable OTT sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Three acetochlor treated bark mulch combinations had the least phytotoxicity and greatest extent, consistency and duration of efficacy among acceptable treatments.
- Treatment
- EC acetochlor + Douglas fir or hardwood bark, EC acetochlor + pine, and ME acetochlor + pinee0
- Outcome
- least phytotoxicity and greatest extent, consistency, and duration of efficacye0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the three providing the least phytotoxicity and greatest extent, consistency, and duration of efficacy were all TBM combinations: EC acetochlor + Douglas fir or hardwood bark, EC acetochlor + pine, and ME acetochlor + pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated bark mulch reduced phytotoxicity relative to OTT sprays.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TBM-reduced phytotoxicity compared with OTT sprays”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.