Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants, which normally do not accumulate glycinebetaine (GB), are susceptible to chilling stress. Exposure to temperatures below 10 degrees C causes various injuries and greatly decreases fruit set in most cultivars. We have transformed tomato (cv. Moneymaker) with a chloroplast-targeted codA gene of Arthrobacter globiformis, which encodes choline oxidase to catalyze the conversion of choline to GB. These transgenic plants express codA and synthesize choline oxidase, while accumulating GB in their leaves and reproductive organs up to 0.3 and 1.2 micromol g(-1) fresh weight (FW), respectively. Their chloroplasts contain up to 86% of total leaf GB. Over various developmental phases, from seed germination to fruit production, these GB-accumulating plants are more tolerant of chilling stress than their wild-type counterparts. During reproduction, they yield, on average, 10-30% more fruit following chilling stress. Endogenous GB contents as low as 0.1 micromol g(-1) FW are apparently sufficient to confer high levels of tolerance in tomato plants, as achieved via transformation with the codA gene. Exogenous application of either GB or H2O2 improves both chilling and oxidative tolerance concomitant with enhanced catalase activity. These moderately increased levels of H2O2 in codA transgenic plants, as a byproduct of choline oxidase-catalyzed GB synthesis, might activate the H2O2-inducible protective mechanism, resulting in improved chilling and oxidative tolerances in GB-accumulating codA transgenic plants. Thus, introducing the biosynthetic pathway of GB into tomato through metabolic engineering is an effective strategy for improving chilling tolerance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic codA tomato accumulated GB in leaves to 0.3 micromol g(-1) FW.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- transgenic plantse0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Outcome
- GB in their leavese0
- Direction
- accumulatinge0
- Value
- 0.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These transgenic plants express codA and synthesize choline oxidase, while accumulating GB in their leaves and reproductive organs up to 0.3 and 1.2 micromol g(-1) fresh weight (FW), respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic codA tomato accumulated GB in reproductive organs to 1.2 micromol g(-1) FW.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive organse0
- Treatment
- transgenic plantse0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Outcome
- reproductive organse0
- Direction
- accumulatinge0
- Value
- 1.2 micromol g(-1) fresh weight (FW)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These transgenic plants express codA and synthesize choline oxidase, while accumulating GB in their leaves and reproductive organs up to 0.3 and 1.2 micromol g(-1) fresh weight (FW), respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic plants express codA and produce choline oxidase.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Outcome
- express codA and synthesize choline oxidasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These transgenic plants express codA and synthesize choline oxidase”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplasts contained up to 86% of total leaf GB.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplastse0
- Outcome
- total leaf GBe0
- Value
- 86%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their chloroplasts contain up to 86% of total leaf GB.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GB accumulating tomato was more chilling tolerant than wild type across development.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB-accumulating plantse0
- Outcome
- tolerant of chilling stresse0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Qualifier
- from seed germination to fruit productione0
- Comparator
- wild-type counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over various developmental phases, from seed germination to fruit production, these GB-accumulating plants are more tolerant of chilling stress than their wild-type counterparts.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GB accumulating tomato yielded 10-30% more fruit after chilling.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 10-30%e0
- Qualifier
- following chilling stresse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During reproduction, they yield, on average, 10-30% more fruit following chilling stress.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GB improved chilling and oxidative tolerance with higher catalase activity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of either GBe0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- chilling and oxidative tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of either GB or H2O2 improves both chilling and oxidative tolerance concomitant with enhanced catalase activity.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous H2O2 improved chilling and oxidative tolerance with higher catalase activity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H2O2e0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- chilling and oxidative tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of either GB or H2O2 improves both chilling and oxidative tolerance concomitant with enhanced catalase activity.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 byproduct might activate protection that improves tolerance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Compound
- H2O2e0
- Outcome
- improved chilling and oxidative tolerancese0
- Qualifier
- might activate the H2O2-inducible protective mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These moderately increased levels of H2O2 in codA transgenic plants, as a byproduct of choline oxidase-catalyzed GB synthesis, might activate the H2O2-inducible protective mechanism, resulting in improved chilling and oxidative tolerances in GB-accumulating codA transgenic plants.”
t0“tomato”
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