Abstract
Alternative sources of plant nutrients have now become highly imperative especially for vegetable crop production in Nigeria. Due to the escalating costs, environmental and health problems associated with excessive use of inorganic fertilizers on continuously cropped fields, there is a need for more research on the use of organic manures and residues. A field experiment was conducted in the late growing season from September to December, 2012 in Calabar, a humid forest agroecology in south eastern Nigeria to evaluate the effects of two types of goat manure (GM) application (single and double split doses), five rates of GM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) and 400kg ha-1 NPK fertilizer (120:60:60 kg ha-1) rate on soil chemical properties and agronomic performance of sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut). Factorial combinations of the treatments were fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of GM significantly (P ? 0.05) increased soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) status of the soil. Soil exchangeable acidity (EA) was reduced from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol kg-1 at 20 t ha-1 GM rate. The 20 t ha-1 also recorded the highest values for soil pH, OM, P, Ca, Mg and CEC, while the values for residual N and K peaked at the NPK fertilizer treatment. The double split application of GM recorded higher values for growth and yield attributes, and increased soil properties than the single application. Growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), number and weight of grains/ear and total grain yield were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by GM and NPK fertilizer treatments. The values obtained for all growth and yield parameters except LAI at the 20 t ha-1 GM rate were not significantly different from those at the NPK fertilizer treatments. The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment. The interactions between number of applications and rates showed that split applying GM at 20 t ha-1 maximized TDM, weights of whole and dehusked green ears and total grain yield compared to other GM rates, hence it is recommended.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 5 t/ha increased total dry matter by 11.9% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 10 t/ha increased total dry matter by 74.3% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 15 t/ha increased total dry matter by 91.9% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 20 t/ha increased total dry matter by 106.2% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer increased total dry matter by 104.6% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 5 t/ha increased weight of grains per ear by 16.5% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 10 t/ha increased weight of grains per ear by 54.6% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 15 t/ha increased weight of grains per ear by 61.4% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 20 t/ha increased weight of grains per ear by 100.6% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer increased weight of grains per ear by 94.4% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 5 t/ha increased total grain yield by 46.9% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 10 t/ha increased total grain yield by 111.7% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 15 t/ha increased total grain yield by 121.0% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure at 20 t/ha increased total grain yield by 127.2% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer increased total grain yield by 140.1% relative to the control.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e1“The application of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1 GM, and NPK fertilizer significantly increased TDM by 11.9, 74.3, 91.9, 106.2 and 104.6%; weight of grains/ear by 16.5, 54.6, 61.4, 100.6 and 94.4% and total grain yield by 46.9, 111.7, 121.0, 127.2 and 140.1% respectively, compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure significantly increased soil pH, organic matter, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and CEC.
- Taxon
- Sweet Maizet0
- Treatment
- GMe2
- Outcome
- soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) statuse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e2“The application of GM significantly (P ? 0.05) increased soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) status of the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil exchangeable acidity fell from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol/kg at the 20 t/ha goat manure rate.
- Taxon
- Sweet Maizet0
- Treatment
- 20 t ha-1 GM ratee3
- Outcome
- Soil exchangeable acidity (EA)e3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol kg-1e3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e3“Soil exchangeable acidity (EA) was reduced from 1.76 to 0.64 cmol kg-1 at 20 t ha-1 GM rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The double split application of goat manure gave higher growth and yield attributes than the single application.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e4“The double split application of GM recorded higher values for growth and yield attributes, and increased soil properties than the single application”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat manure and NPK fertilizer treatments significantly increased growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- Sweet Maizet0
- Treatment
- GM and NPK fertilizer treatmentse5
- Outcome
- plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), number and weight of grains/ear and total grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e5“Growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), number and weight of grains/ear and total grain yield were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by GM and NPK fertilizer treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Split application of goat manure at 20 t/ha maximized dry matter and grain yield compared with other goat manure rates; recommended.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)”
e6“split applying GM at 20 t ha-1 maximized TDM, weights of whole and dehusked green ears and total grain yield compared to other GM rates, hence it is recommended”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · quality: sugar starch · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
81 papers more in this group
See all 85 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1,025 papers in the same direction as this paper · 127 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
1,160 papers more in this group
See all 1,164 papers →fertilization · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1,195 papers in the same direction as this paper · 149 in the opposite direction · 20 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
1,361 papers more in this group
See all 1,365 papers →fertilization · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3,484 papers in the same direction as this paper · 338 in the opposite direction · 85 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,904 papers more in this group
See all 3,908 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.