Abstract
Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii and they are generally not very effective. The demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) triazole fungicides propiconazole and cyproconazole were found to be highly effective and more efficacious than other DMIs evaluated, such as metconazole and tebuconazole, in reducing postharvest sour rot of citrus. Additional studies were conducted with propiconazole as a postharvest treatment because it has favorable toxicological characteristics for food crop registration in the United States and the registrant supports a worldwide registration. Regression and covariance analyses were performed to determine optimal time of application after inoculation and fungicide rate. In laboratory studies, decay incidence increased when propiconazole applications were delayed from 8 to 24 h (lemon) or 18 to 42 h (grapefruit) after inoculation. Effective rates of the fungicide were 64 to 512 μg/ml and were dependent on inoculum concentration of the sour rot pathogen and on the type of citrus fruit. Propiconazole was found to be compatible with sodium hypochlorite at 100 μg/ml and 1 to 3% sodium bicarbonate without loss of efficacy for decay control on lemon. The addition of hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid at 80 μg/ml slightly decreased the effectiveness of propiconazole. Heated (48°C) solutions of propiconazole did not significantly improve the efficacy compared with solutions at 22°C. In experimental packing-line studies, aqueous in-line drenches applied alone or followed by applications of the fungicide in storage or packing fruit coatings were highly effective, reducing sour rot to between 0 and 1.2% compared with 83.8% decay incidence in the control when treatments were made up to 16 h after inoculation. When the fungicide was applied in either fruit coating, decay was only reduced to 49.1 to 57.1% incidence. Tank mixtures of propiconazole with the citrus postharvest fungicides fludioxonil and azoxystrobin were highly effective in reducing green mold caused by isolates of Penicillium digitatum sensitive or moderately resistant to imazalil and sour rot. Propiconazole will be an important postharvest fungicide for managing sour rot of citrus and potentially can be integrated into current management practices to reduce postharvest crop losses caused by DMI-sensitive isolates of P. digitatum.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole and cyproconazole were highly effective against postharvest sour rot of citrus, more efficacious than other DMI fungicides.
- Treatment
- propiconazole and cyproconazolee1
- Interactor
- Galactomyces citri-aurantiiGeotrichum citri-aurantiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- postharvest sour rote1
- Direction
- more efficaciouse1
- Qualifier
- highly effectivee1
- Comparator
- other DMIse1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e1“The demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) triazole fungicides propiconazole and cyproconazole were found to be highly effective and more efficacious than other DMIs evaluated, such as metconazole and tebuconazole, in reducing postharvest sour rot of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory studies, decay on lemon increased when propiconazole applications were delayed from 8 to 24 h.
- Taxon
- lemon
Citrus ×limone2 - Treatment
- propiconazole applications were delayede2
- Outcome
- decay incidencee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- from 8 to 24 he2
- Setting
- laboratory studiese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In laboratory studies, decay incidence increased when propiconazole applications were delayed from 8 to 24 h (lemon)”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory studies, decay on grapefruit increased when propiconazole applications were delayed from 18 to 42 h.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisie3 - Treatment
- propiconazole applications were delayede3
- Outcome
- decay incidencee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- 18 to 42 he3
- Setting
- laboratory studiese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“In laboratory studies, decay incidence increased when propiconazole applications were delayed from 8 to 24 h (lemon) or 18 to 42 h (grapefruit) after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Effective propiconazole rates were 64 to 512 μg/ml, depending on inoculum concentration and fruit type.
- Treatment
- the fungicidee4
- Interactor
- sour rot pathogene4pathogen
- Outcome
- Effective ratese4
- Value
- 64 to 512 μg/mle4
- Qualifier
- dependent on inoculum concentration of the sour rot pathogen and on the type of citrus fruite4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Effective rates of the fungicide were 64 to 512 μg/ml and were dependent on inoculum concentration of the sour rot pathogen and on the type of citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole remained compatible with sodium hypochlorite at 100 μg/ml and 1 to 3% sodium bicarbonate, without loss of decay control on lemon.
- Taxon
- lemonCitrus ×limone5
- Treatment
- sodium hypochlorite at 100 μg/ml and 1 to 3% sodium bicarbonatee5
- Outcome
- decay controle5
- Qualifier
- without loss of efficacye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Propiconazole was found to be compatible with sodium hypochlorite at 100 μg/ml and 1 to 3% sodium bicarbonate without loss of efficacy for decay control on lemon”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid at 80 μg/ml slightly decreased the effectiveness of propiconazole on citrus.
- Treatment
- addition of hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid at 80 μg/mle6
- Outcome
- effectiveness of propiconazolee6
- Direction
- slightly decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e6“The addition of hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid at 80 μg/ml slightly decreased the effectiveness of propiconazole”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating propiconazole solutions to 48°C did not significantly improve efficacy compared with 22°C solutions.
- Treatment
- Heated (48°C) solutions of propiconazolee7
- Outcome
- efficacye7
- Direction
- did not significantly improvee7
- Comparator
- solutions at 22°Ce7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e7“Heated (48°C) solutions of propiconazole did not significantly improve the efficacy compared with solutions at 22°C”
Claim · model-written summary
In packing-line studies, aqueous in-line drenches alone reduced citrus sour rot to 0 to 1.2%, against 83.8% decay in the control.
- Treatment
- aqueous in-line drenches applied alonee1
- Outcome
- sour rote1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- between 0 and 1.2%e1
- Qualifier
- 83.8% decay incidence in the controle1
- Comparator
- the controle1
- Setting
- experimental packing-line studiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e1“In experimental packing-line studies, aqueous in-line drenches applied alone or followed by applications of the fungicide in storage or packing fruit coatings were highly effective, reducing sour rot to between 0 and 1.2% compared with 83.8% decay incidence in the control when treatments were made up to 16 h after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
When the fungicide was applied in either fruit coating, decay was only reduced to 49.1 to 57.1%.
- Treatment
- the fungicide was applied in either fruit coatinge1
- Outcome
- decaye1
- Direction
- only reducede1
- Value
- 49.1 to 57.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e1“When the fungicide was applied in either fruit coating, decay was only reduced to 49.1 to 57.1% incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Tank mixtures of propiconazole with fludioxonil and azoxystrobin were highly effective in reducing citrus green mold.
- Treatment
- Tank mixtures of propiconazole with the citrus postharvest fungicides fludioxonil and azoxystrobine1
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume1pathogen - Outcome
- green molde1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Qualifier
- sensitive or moderately resistant to imazalile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tank mixtures of propiconazole with the citrus postharvest fungicides fludioxonil and azoxystrobin were highly effective in reducing green mold caused by isolates of Penicillium digitatum sensitive or moderately resistant to imazalil and sour rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Tank mixtures of propiconazole with fludioxonil and azoxystrobin were highly effective in reducing citrus sour rot.
- Treatment
- Tank mixtures of propiconazole with the citrus postharvest fungicides fludioxonil and azoxystrobine1
- Interactor
- Galactomyces citri-aurantiiGeotrichum citri-aurantiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- sour rote1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e1“Tank mixtures of propiconazole with the citrus postharvest fungicides fludioxonil and azoxystrobin were highly effective in reducing green mold caused by isolates of Penicillium digitatum sensitive or moderately resistant to imazalil and sour rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole is recommended as an important postharvest fungicide for managing citrus sour rot.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Propiconazole will be an important postharvest fungicide for managing sour rot of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole may be integrated into current practices to reduce postharvest citrus losses caused by DMI-sensitive P. digitatum.
- Treatment
- integrated into current management practicese1
- Interactor
- P. digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- postharvest crop lossese1
- Qualifier
- DMI-sensitive isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Few postharvest treatments are available for managing sour rot of citrus caused by Galactomyces citri-aurantii”
e1“potentially can be integrated into current management practices to reduce postharvest crop losses caused by DMI-sensitive isolates of P. digitatum”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: metabolites · CitrusPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
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cyproconazole · Geotrichum citri-aurantii · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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- no effect
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See all 18 papers →storage · disease · CitrusResults agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.