Abstract
The effect of NaCl combined with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was examined on table beets (Beta vulgaris) in the presence and absence of Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group 2-2), the cause of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot. Transplants of cvs. Detroit Dark Red and Early Wonder grown in the greenhouse in infested soils and fertilized with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (10 mmol of N) were 32% larger in dry weight than plants treated with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (10 mmol of N). In noninfested soils, a 17% increase in dry weights was observed for plants treated with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 compared to plants that were fed (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . When NaCl (0.17 mmol) was applied, the mean dry weight sincreased 40% in noninfested soil and 12% in infested soil compared to plants that received no NaCl. No significant interaction occurred between N fertilizer and NaCl in greenhouse trials. However, in field soils infested with R. solani, NaCl (560 kg/ha) combined with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (112kg of N per ha) produced 26 to 47% more root yield than when (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was used alone. Inthe absence of NaCl, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 suppressed disease more than (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , but adding NaCl to Ca(NO 3 ) 2 did not increase yield more than Ca(NO 3 ) 2 alone. The Cl salts KCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2 did not significantly differ from NaCl in their ability to increase the dry weight of beets grownin infested soils. Leaf and root analyses revealed that (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 applications increased N, P, S, and Mn in tissue more than Ca(NO 3 ) 2 applications. Applying NaCl increased tissue levels of Na, Cl, and Mn more than in plants that were not fed NaCl. All of the Cl salts had the effect of increasing concentrations of Cl and Mn in the plant. There was no evidence that the Na ion was disease suppressive. Chloride, however, may be of use in disease management of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot of table beets.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium nitrate increased dry weight by 32% versus ammonium sulfate in infested greenhouse soils.
- Taxon
- table beets
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (10 mmol of N)e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (10 mmol of N)e0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transplants of cvs. Detroit Dark Red and Early Wonder grown in the greenhouse in infested soils and fertilized with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (10 mmol of N) were 32% larger in dry weight than plants treated with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (10 mmol of N).”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium nitrate increased dry weight by 17% versus ammonium sulfate in noninfested soil.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2e0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4e0
- Setting
- noninfested soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In noninfested soils, a 17% increase in dry weights was observed for plants treated with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 compared to plants that were fed (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased dry weight 40% in noninfested soil.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaCl (0.17 mmol)e0
- Outcome
- mean dry weighte0
- Direction
- sincreasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- no NaCle0
- Setting
- noninfested soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When NaCl (0.17 mmol) was applied, the mean dry weight sincreased 40% in noninfested soil and 12% in infested soil compared to plants that received no NaCl.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased dry weight 12% in infested soil.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaCl (0.17 mmol)e0
- Outcome
- mean dry weighte0
- Direction
- sincreasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- no NaCle0
- Setting
- infested soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When NaCl (0.17 mmol) was applied, the mean dry weight sincreased 40% in noninfested soil and 12% in infested soil compared to plants that received no NaCl.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer and NaCl showed no significant interaction in greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer and NaCle0
- Outcome
- interactione0
- Direction
- No significante0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant interaction occurred between N fertilizer and NaCl in greenhouse trials.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl plus ammonium sulfate yielded 26 to 47% more beet roots than ammonium sulfate alone in infested field soil.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaCl (560 kg/ha) combined with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (112kg of N per ha)e0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- root yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 26 to 47%e0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4e0
- Setting
- field soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in field soils infested with R. solani, NaCl (560 kg/ha) combined with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (112kg of N per ha) produced 26 to 47% more root yield than when (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was used alone.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
Without NaCl, calcium nitrate suppressed disease more than ammonium sulfate.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2e0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- absence of NaCle0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inthe absence of NaCl, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 suppressed disease more than (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , but adding NaCl to Ca(NO 3 ) 2 did not increase yield more than Ca(NO 3 ) 2 alone.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding NaCl to calcium nitrate did not increase yield over calcium nitrate alone.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- adding NaCl to Ca(NO 3 ) 2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Comparator
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding NaCl to Ca(NO 3 ) 2 did not increase yield more than Ca(NO 3 ) 2 alone.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 did not differ significantly from NaCl in increasing dry weight in infested soil.
- Taxon
- beets
Beta vulgarise0 - Treatment
- KCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- did not significantly differe0
- Comparator
- NaCle0
- Setting
- infested soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cl salts KCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2 did not significantly differ from NaCl in their ability to increase the dry weight of beets grownin infested soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate increased tissue N, P, S and Mn more than calcium nitrate.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- tissuee0
- Treatment
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 applicationse0
- Outcome
- N, P, S, and Mn in tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf and root analyses revealed that (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 applications increased N, P, S, and Mn in tissue more than Ca(NO 3 ) 2 applications.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased tissue Na, Cl and Mn relative to no NaCl.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Applying NaCle0
- Outcome
- tissue levels of Na, Cl, and Mne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- plants that were not fed NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying NaCl increased tissue levels of Na, Cl, and Mn more than in plants that were not fed NaCl.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
All chloride salts increased plant Cl and Mn concentrations.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cl saltse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cl and Mn in the plante0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All of the Cl salts had the effect of increasing concentrations of Cl and Mn in the plant.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
The study found no evidence that sodium ion suppressed disease.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- disease suppressivee0
- Direction
- no evidencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no evidence that the Na ion was disease suppressive.”
t0“table beets”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride may help manage Rhizoctonia root and crown rot in table beets.
- Taxon
- table beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Chloridee0
- Outcome
- disease management of Rhizoctonia root and crown rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloride, however, may be of use in disease management of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot of table beets.”
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