Abstract
In March of 2013, new symptoms were observed in more than seven million nursery-grown sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in El Ejido, Almería (southern Spain). Symptoms included wilting without yellowing of leaves and stunting of plants. Plant crowns exhibited necrosis that advanced through the main root along with slight root rot. Xylem was not affected above or below the crown. Symptoms were thought to be caused by the well-known pepper pathogen Phytophthora capsici. However, sporodochia of Fusarium oxysporum were observed on plant crowns. Symptomatic seedlings (n = 200) were sampled and analyzed. Tissue from roots and epidermal crowns were plated on PDA, PARP, and Komada media, as well as stem discs on PDA and Komada. No Phytophthora sp. were observed and F. oxyporum was exclusively isolated from all 200 samples, from roots and crowns, but not from xylem. Pathogenicity of 60 of these F. oxysporum isolates was studied by inoculation onto sweet pepper plants (cv. del Piquillo) at the 2-true-leaf stage. Twelve plants per isolate, grown on autoclaved vermiculite, were inoculated by drenching with 20 ml of a conidial suspension (1 × 10 5 CFU/ml) of each isolate per plant. Each suspension was obtained by blending one PDA petri dish fully covered with one isolate. Non-inoculated plants served as control. Plants were maintained for 30 days in a growth chamber with a 14-h photoperiod (1.6 ×·10 4 lux) and temperatures at 23 to 26°C. The assay was conducted twice. Symptoms described above were reproduced on crown and roots of the inoculated plants with no symptoms in stem discs. No symptoms were observed on controls after 48 days. Host specificity was tested for 13 isolates to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. San Pedro, eggplant (S. melongena) cv. Alegria, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv. Marketmore, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Sugar Baby, and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. condensa) cv. Kasumi (4). These plants were inoculated as previously described for pathogenicity tests (12 plants per species, repeated twice). None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days. Five isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum and four isolates of F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersici were also inoculated without any symptoms in any of the inoculated sweet pepper plants. Morphological identity of all isolates corresponded to F. oxysporum. The fungi were identified following the morphological keys and methodology provided by (1) and (2). Three isolates from the 60 tested were selected for molecular identification. Molecular identification was performed by sequencing partial TEF-1α gene (3). Subsequent database searches by BLASTn indicated that the resulting sequence of 659-bp had 100% identity with the corresponding gene sequence of F. oxysporum. The sequences were identical for the three isolates and were deposited on the EMBL Sequence Database (HG916993, HG916994, and HG916995). Results suggest that the pathogenic ability of the isolates varies from a vascular Fusarium wilt. F. oxysporum f. sp. capsici is a reported pathogen to sweet pepper (5), but the symptoms we have found are closer to those manifested by the formae speciales that causes root and crown rot of other plants. Consistent with the convention stablished for similar diseases we propose the name F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-capsici f. sp. nov. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell, Ames, IA, 2006. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species. An Ilustrated Manual for Identification. The Penn St. University Press, 1983. (3) K. O'Donnell et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95:2044, 1998.(4) L. M. Oelke and P. W. Bosland. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl. 20:86, 2001. (5) V. C. Rivelli. M.S. Thesis. Dep. Plant Pathol. and Crop Phys. Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, 1989.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery-grown sweet pepper plants showed wilting, stunting, crown necrosis and root rot.
- Taxon
- sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Capsicum annuume0 - Outcome
- wilting without yellowing of leaves and stunting of plantse0
- Value
- more than seven millione0
- Setting
- El Ejido, Almería (southern Spain)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“new symptoms were observed in more than seven million nursery-grown sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in El Ejido, Almería (southern Spain). Symptoms included wilting without yellowing of leaves and stunting of plants. Plant crowns exhibited necrosis that advanced through the main root along with slight root rot.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium oxysporum sporodochia were present on sweet pepper crowns.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- plant crownse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- sporodochia of Fusarium oxysporume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“sporodochia of Fusarium oxysporum were observed on plant crowns”
t0“Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxyporum was isolated from roots and crowns of all 200 symptomatic sweet pepper samples, but not xylem.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and crownse0
- Interactor
- F. oxyporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. oxyporum was exclusively isolatede0
- Value
- all 200 samplese0
- Qualifier
- but not from xyleme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No Phytophthora sp. were observed and F. oxyporum was exclusively isolated from all 200 samples, from roots and crowns, but not from xylem.”
t0“Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytophthora was absent from the sampled sweet pepper seedlings.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sp.
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- No Phytophthora sp. were observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No Phytophthora sp. were observed”
t0“Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum inoculation reproduced crown and root symptoms in sweet pepper while controls had no symptoms.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- crown and rootse0
- Treatment
- Fusarium oxysporumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptoms described above were reproduced on crown and rootse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms described above were reproduced on crown and roots of the inoculated plants with no symptoms in stem discs. No symptoms were observed on controls after 48 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum on Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested tomato plants did not exhibit characteristic symptoms following inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- cv. San Pedroe0
- Treatment
- 13 isolatese0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Host specificity was tested for 13 isolates to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. San Pedro”
e1“None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested eggplant plants did not exhibit characteristic symptoms following inoculation.
- Taxon
- eggplant (S. melongena)
Solanum melongenae0 - Material
- cv. Alegriae0
- Treatment
- Fusarium oxysporumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eggplant (S. melongena) cv. Alegria”
e1“None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested cucumber plants did not exhibit characteristic symptoms following inoculation.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Cucumis sativuse0 - Material
- cv. Marketmoree0
- Treatment
- Fusarium oxysporumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv. Marketmore”
e1“None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested watermelon plants did not exhibit characteristic symptoms following inoculation.
- Taxon
- watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Citrullus lanatuse0 - Material
- cv. Sugar Babye0
- Treatment
- Fusarium oxysporumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Sugar Baby”
e1“None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested Chinese cabbage plants did not exhibit characteristic symptoms following inoculation.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. condensa)
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Material
- cv. Kasumie0
- Treatment
- Fusarium oxysporumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. condensa) cv. Kasumi”
e1“None of the plants exhibited the characteristic symptoms after 60 days.”
t0“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Other F. oxysporum formae speciales did not cause symptoms in inoculated sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinume0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinume0pathogen - Outcome
- without any symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum and four isolates of F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersici were also inoculated without any symptoms in any of the inoculated sweet pepper plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersici did not cause symptoms in inoculated sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersicie0
- Interactor
- F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersicie0pathogen
- Outcome
- without any symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four isolates of F. o. f. sp radicis-lycopersici were also inoculated without any symptoms in any of the inoculated sweet pepper plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological and sequence evidence identified the isolates as F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Morphological identity of all isolates corresponded to F. oxysporume0
- Value
- 100%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Morphological identity of all isolates corresponded to F. oxysporum.”
e1“resulting sequence of 659-bp had 100% identity with the corresponding gene sequence of F. oxysporum.”
t0“Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-capsici for the sweet pepper crown and root rot pathogen.
- Taxon
- Sweet PepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-capsiciFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-capsici f. sp. nov.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we propose the name F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-capsici f. sp. nov.”
t0“Sweet Pepper Seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
Fusarium oxysporum · disease · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Fusarium oxysporum · disease · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
Fusarium oxysporum · disease · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Fusarium oxysporum · disease · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.