Abstract
Abstract Background Apple trees are often subject to severe salt stress in China as well as in the world that results in significant loss of apple production. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the response of apple seedlings inoculated with abuscular mycorrhizal fungi under 0, 2‰, 4‰ and 6‰ salinity stress levels and further to conclude the upper threshold of mycorrhizal salinity tolerance. Results The results shows that abuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the root length colonization of mycorrhizal apple plants with exposure time period to 0, 2‰ and 4‰ salinity levels as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, however, percent root colonization reduced as saline stress increased. Salinity levels were found to negatively correlate with leaf relative turgidity, osmotic potential irrespective of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal apple plants, but the decreased mycorrhizal leaf turgidity maintained relative normal values at 2‰ and 4‰ salt concentrations. Under salt stress condition, Cl − and Na + concentrations clearly increased and K + contents obviously decreased in non-mycorrhizal roots in comparison to mycorrhizal plants, this caused mycorrhizal plants had a relatively higher K + /Na + ratio in root. In contrast to zero salinity level, although ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities in non-inoculated and inoculated leaf improved under all saline levels, the extent of which these enzymes increased was greater in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants. The numbers of survived tree with non-mycorrhization were 40, 20 and 0 (i.e., 66.7%, 33.3% and 0) on the days of 30, 60 and 90 under 4‰ salinity, similarly in mycorrhization under 6‰ salinity 40, 30 and 0 (i.e., 66.7%, 50% and 0) respectively. Conclusion These results suggest that 2‰ and 4‰ salt concentrations may be the upper thresholds of salinity tolerance in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal apple plants, respectively.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal apple roots had significantly greater colonization at 0, 2‰ and 4‰ salinity than non-mycorrhizal roots.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- abuscular mycorrhizal fungie0
- Interactor
- abuscular mycorrhizal fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- root length colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the root length colonization of mycorrhizal apple plants with exposure time period to 0, 2‰ and 4‰ salinity levels as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization declined as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- saline stresse0
- Outcome
- percent root colonizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percent root colonization reduced as saline stress increased”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity correlated negatively with leaf relative turgidity and osmotic potential.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative turgidity, osmotic potentiale0
- Direction
- negatively correlatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity levels were found to negatively correlate with leaf relative turgidity, osmotic potential irrespective of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal apple plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal leaf turgidity remained relatively normal at 2‰ and 4‰ salt.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2‰ and 4‰ salt concentrationse0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal leaf turgiditye0
- Direction
- maintained relative normal valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased mycorrhizal leaf turgidity maintained relative normal values at 2‰ and 4‰ salt concentrations”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, non-mycorrhizal roots accumulated more Cl − and Na + than mycorrhizal roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- non-mycorrhizale0
- Outcome
- Cl − and Na + concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cl − and Na + concentrations clearly increased and K + contents obviously decreased in non-mycorrhizal roots in comparison to mycorrhizal plants”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, non-mycorrhizal roots had lower K + content than mycorrhizal roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- non-mycorrhizale0
- Outcome
- K + contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K + contents obviously decreased in non-mycorrhizal roots in comparison to mycorrhizal plants”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal roots had a relatively higher K + /Na + ratio.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal plantse0
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhizal plants had a relatively higher K + /Na + ratio in root”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased leaf ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- all saline levelse0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities in non-inoculated and inoculated leaf improved under all saline levels”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased the two leaf enzyme activities more in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale0
- Outcome
- these enzymese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extent of which these enzymes increased was greater in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 4‰ salinity, non-mycorrhizal trees had 40, 20 and 0 survivors at 30, 60 and 90 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4‰ salinitye0
- Outcome
- numbers of survived treee0
- Value
- 40, 20 and 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The numbers of survived tree with non-mycorrhization were 40, 20 and 0 (i.e., 66.7%, 33.3% and 0) on the days of 30, 60 and 90 under 4‰ salinity”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6‰ salinity, mycorrhizal trees had 40, 30 and 0 survivors at 30, 60 and 90 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 6‰ salinitye0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizatione0
- Value
- 40, 30 and 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in mycorrhization under 6‰ salinity 40, 30 and 0 (i.e., 66.7%, 50% and 0) respectively”
t0“apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest 2‰ and 4‰ as salt tolerance thresholds for non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal apple plants, respectively.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- upper thresholds of salinity tolerancee0
- Value
- 2‰ and 4‰e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2‰ and 4‰ salt concentrations may be the upper thresholds of salinity tolerance in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal apple plants, respectively”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
mycorrhiza · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →mycorrhiza · physiology: enzyme activity · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.