Abstract
The effects of temperature, nitrogen fertility (N), and moisture stress on the yield components, protein content and moisture use efficiency of Manitou wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were determined under simulated irrigation in a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Grain yield was directly related to and mainly influenced by N. Yield was directly related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**), and the number of seeds/spike (r = 0.65**), and inversely related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**). Seed weight was also inversely related to the number of spikes and number of seeds per spike. At maturity, the number of spikes was directly and mainly affected by N. The number of spikelets per spike, seed set of primary and secondary florets, and seed weight were inversely related to, and mainly a function of, temperature. At high temperature and low NO 3 -N, low moisture stress was detrimental to several yield components where these conditions existed during a period critical to the development of the component. These poor responses were alleviated by high moisture stress or high rate of NO 3 -N fertilizer or both. Grain protein was mainly influenced by temperature to which it was directly related. Protein was increased by N at day/night temperatures of T22/12 °C, but was unaffected by N at T27/12 °C; it was also increased by high moisture stress applied between last leaf visible and anthesis. Grain protein was inversely related to grain yield at any given level of N. Covariance was used to isolate the true effect (i.e., corrected for yield effects) of the treatment variables on protein. In this experiment, N influenced protein only via its effect on grain yield. Moisture use efficiency for grain production was improved by all factors that increased grain yield (e.g., increased N, low temperature, or high moisture stress between tillering and last leaf visible). Efficiency was deleteriously affected by moisture stress between last leaf visible and anthesis.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of wheat was directly related to N.
- Taxon
- WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- directly relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e0“Grain yield was directly related to and mainly influenced by N”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**).
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- number of spikese1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- directly relatede1
- Value
- r = 0.71**e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e1“Yield was directly related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**), and the number of seeds/spike (r = 0.65**), and inversely related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively related to the number of seeds per spike (r = 0.65**).
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- number of seeds/spikee1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- directly relatede1
- Value
- r = 0.65**e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e1“Yield was directly related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**), and the number of seeds/spike (r = 0.65**), and inversely related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was negatively related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**).
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- average seed weighte1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- inversely relatede1
- Value
- r = −0.41**e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e1“Yield was directly related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**), and the number of seeds/spike (r = 0.65**), and inversely related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed weight was negatively related to the number of spikes.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- number of spikese2
- Outcome
- Seed weighte2
- Direction
- inversely relatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e2“Seed weight was also inversely related to the number of spikes and number of seeds per spike”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of spikes at maturity was increased by N.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne3
- Outcome
- the number of spikese3
- Direction
- directly and mainly affectede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e3“At maturity, the number of spikes was directly and mainly affected by N”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of spikelets per spike, seed set and seed weight were negatively related to temperature.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee4
- Outcome
- number of spikelets per spike, seed set of primary and secondary florets, and seed weighte4
- Direction
- inversely relatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e4“The number of spikelets per spike, seed set of primary and secondary florets, and seed weight were inversely related to, and mainly a function of, temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein of wheat was directly related to temperature.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee5
- Outcome
- Grain proteine5
- Direction
- directly relatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e5“Grain protein was mainly influenced by temperature to which it was directly related”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased protein at day/night temperatures of T22/12 °C.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne6
- Outcome
- Proteine6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- day/night temperatures of T22/12 °Ce6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e6“Protein was increased by N at day/night temperatures of T22/12 °C, but was unaffected by N at T27/12 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen did not change protein at T27/12 °C.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e6“Protein was increased by N at day/night temperatures of T22/12 °C, but was unaffected by N at T27/12 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
High moisture stress applied between last leaf visible and anthesis increased grain protein.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high moisture stress applied between last leaf visible and anthesise7
- Outcome
- Grain proteine5
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e5“Grain protein was mainly influenced by temperature to which it was directly related”
e7“it was also increased by high moisture stress applied between last leaf visible and anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein was inversely related to grain yield at any given level of N.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne2
- Outcome
- Grain proteine2
- Direction
- inversely relatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e2“Grain protein was inversely related to grain yield at any given level of N”
Claim · model-written summary
N influenced protein only through its effect on grain yield.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Qualifier
- via its effect on grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e0“N influenced protein only via its effect on grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture use efficiency was improved by factors that increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased N, low temperature, or high moisture stress between tillering and last leaf visiblee0
- Outcome
- Moisture use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e0“Moisture use efficiency for grain production was improved by all factors that increased grain yield (e.g., increased N, low temperature, or high moisture stress between tillering and last leaf visible)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress between last leaf visible and anthesis deleteriously affected moisture use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moisture stress between last leaf visible and anthesise0
- Outcome
- Efficiencye0
- Direction
- deleteriously affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT”
e0“Efficiency was deleteriously affected by moisture stress between last leaf visible and anthesis”
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