Abstract
Bush bean plants were grown 15 days in solution culture to test whether or not multiple trace elements that result in little or no apparent stress when applied alone would result in more or less stress when applied together. Prior experience had indicated these possibilities, and the matter is of considerable concern in establishing threshold levels for excesses of some trace elements in the environment. Levels of cadmium (5 X 10−7M), copper (10−5M), zinc (5 X 10−5M), manganese (10−4M), cobalt(10−6M), and nickel (10−6M) were applied singly; cadmium, copper, and zinc together; manganese, cobalt, and nickel together; and all six combined. Little or no stress was expected for some of the single elements; the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel. For cadmium, copper, and zinc together the depression was 46 percent; for manganese, cobalt, and nickel, 23 percent, and for all six, 85 percent. Additive, protective, and synergistic effects were involved, although induced iron deficiency complicated the results for all six elements combined. The results indicate that even if the concentration of at least some elements is too low to have any visual effects, they can have important consequences if other trace element stresses are simultaneously present.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 0 percent under cadmium.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- cadmiume1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 0 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 2 percent under copper.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- coppere1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 2 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 43 percent under zinc.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- zince1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 43 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 32 percent under manganese.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- manganesee1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 32 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 0 percent under cobalt.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- cobalte1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 0 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 4 percent under nickel.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- nickele1
- Outcome
- dry weight of trifoliate leavese1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 4 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“the yield depression in dry weight of trifoliate leaves for the experiment was 0 percent for cadmium, 2 percent for copper, 43 percent for zinc, 32 percent for manganese, 0 percent for cobalt, and 4 percent for nickel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 46 percent under cadmium, copper, and zinc together.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- cadmium, copper, and zinc togethere1
- Outcome
- depressione1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 46 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“For cadmium, copper, and zinc together the depression was 46 percent; for manganese, cobalt, and nickel, 23 percent, and for all six, 85 percent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 23 percent under manganese, cobalt, and nickel.
- Taxon
- Bush bean plantse0
- Treatment
- manganese, cobalt, and nickele1
- Outcome
- depressione1
- Direction
- depressione1
- Value
- 23 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“For cadmium, copper, and zinc together the depression was 46 percent; for manganese, cobalt, and nickel, 23 percent, and for all six, 85 percent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifoliate leaf dry weight was depressed by 85 percent under all six.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bush bean plants”
e1“For cadmium, copper, and zinc together the depression was 46 percent; for manganese, cobalt, and nickel, 23 percent, and for all six, 85 percent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined trace elements showed additive, protective and synergistic effects.
Verbatim
e0“Additive, protective, and synergistic effects were involved”
e1“Bush bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced iron deficiency complicated the all-six-elements result.
Verbatim
e0“induced iron deficiency complicated the results for all six elements combined.”
e1“Bush bean plants”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →zinc atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →manganese atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →cobalt atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →copper atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →nickel atom · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.