Abstract
S ummary Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection of red clover grown in phosphate deficient soils enhanced the concentration of P in the tissues, stimulated growth of root and shoot but reduced the root/shoot ratio. Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum level also stimulated growth and enhanced P status of non‐mycorrhizal plants, but their yields and P concentrations were much smaller than those of mycorrhizal plants and their root/shoot ratios were unaffected. The hydraulic conductivities of the root systems were very much higher in mycorrhizal than in uninfected plants. This could be partly attributed to the greater lengths and diameters and hence total surface areas of the mycorrhizal roots. Per unit length of root, the conductivities of the mycorrhizal roots were still two to three times higher, suggesting that this was mainly due to hyphal growth in the soil. When soil water was not limiting, the lower root resistances combined with larger leaf surface areas and possibly also lower leaf diffusion resistances resulted in very much higher transpiration rates and fluxes in mycorrhizal than in non‐mycorrhizal plants. Under conditions of water stress, however, the leaf diffusion resistances of mycorrhizal plants were higher and transpiration fluxes lower compared with uninfected plants but, because of their higher total water demands, they wilted more rapidly. Mycorrhizal plants were able to extract soil moisture down to lower water potentials than non‐mycorrhizal plants (difference about 1 MPa) but, possibly because of their lower leaf water potentials and higher root conductivities, they recovered turgor more rapidly than non‐mycorrhizal plants when soil water was restored. Thus, the mycorrhizal habit is an advantage to the host plant in times of moisture stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
VA mycorrhiza enhanced tissue phosphorus concentration in phosphate deficient soil.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee0 - Treatment
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infectione0
- Interactor
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of P in the tissuese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection of red clover grown in phosphate deficient soils enhanced the concentration of P in the tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
VA mycorrhiza stimulated root and shoot growth.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Treatment
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infectione0
- Interactor
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of root and shoote0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection of red clover grown in phosphate deficient soils enhanced the concentration of P in the tissues, stimulated growth of root and shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
VA mycorrhiza reduced the root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Treatment
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infectione0
- Interactor
- Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection of red clover grown in phosphate deficient soils enhanced the concentration of P in the tissues, stimulated growth of root and shoot but reduced the root/shoot ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate addition stimulated growth of nonmycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum levele0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum level also stimulated growth and enhanced P status of non‐mycorrhizal plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate addition enhanced phosphorus status of nonmycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum levele0
- Outcome
- P statuse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum level also stimulated growth and enhanced P status of non‐mycorrhizal plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonmycorrhizal plants had smaller yields and P concentrations than mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- yields and P concentrationse0
- Direction
- much smallere0
- Comparator
- mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their yields and P concentrations were much smaller than those of mycorrhizal plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate did not change nonmycorrhizal root to shoot ratios.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee2
- Treatment
- Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum levele1
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratiose0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their root/shoot ratios were unaffected”
e1“Addition of phosphate to well below the optimum level also stimulated growth and enhanced P status of non‐mycorrhizal plants”
e2“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal roots had much higher hydraulic conductivity than uninfected roots.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- hydraulic conductivities of the root systemse0
- Direction
- very much highere0
- Comparator
- uninfected plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydraulic conductivities of the root systems were very much higher in mycorrhizal than in uninfected plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal roots had greater lengths, diameters and total surface areas.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- lengths and diameters and hence total surface arease0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater lengths and diameters and hence total surface areas of the mycorrhizal roots”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Root conductivity per unit length was two to three times higher with mycorrhiza.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- conductivities of the mycorrhizal rootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- two to three timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Per unit length of root, the conductivities of the mycorrhizal roots were still two to three times higher”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under adequate soil water, mycorrhizal plants had higher transpiration rates and fluxes.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- transpiration rates and fluxese0
- Direction
- very much highere0
- Qualifier
- When soil water was not limitinge0
- Comparator
- non‐mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When soil water was not limiting, the lower root resistances combined with larger leaf surface areas and possibly also lower leaf diffusion resistances resulted in very much higher transpiration rates and fluxes in mycorrhizal than in non‐mycorrhizal plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, mycorrhizal plants had higher leaf diffusion resistance.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- leaf diffusion resistancese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Under conditions of water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under conditions of water stress, however, the leaf diffusion resistances of mycorrhizal plants were higher”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, mycorrhizal plants had lower transpiration fluxes.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- transpiration fluxese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- uninfected plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transpiration fluxes lower compared with uninfected plants”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, mycorrhizal plants wilted more rapidly.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- wiltede0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- higher total water demandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“because of their higher total water demands, they wilted more rapidly”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal plants extracted moisture to lower water potentials by about 1 MPa.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- extract soil moisture down to lower water potentialse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1 MPae0
- Comparator
- non‐mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal plants were able to extract soil moisture down to lower water potentials than non‐mycorrhizal plants (difference about 1 MPa)”
e1“red clover”
Claim · model-written summary
After water restoration, mycorrhizal plants recovered turgor more rapidly.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- recovered turgore0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- when soil water was restorede0
- Comparator
- non‐mycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they recovered turgor more rapidly than non‐mycorrhizal plants when soil water was restored”
e1“red clover”
The same questions in other papers
phosphorus · nutrient: content · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
mycorrhiza · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →infection · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · molecular: metabolites · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
infection · molecular: metabolites · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
phosphorus · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.