Abstract
The different types of sewage sludge generated from different urban sources are commonly used for irrigation in agriculture and contain heavy metals (as manganese, cadmium, lead and zinc).This sewage water is mostly used for vegetable production in peri-urban areas and is a source of heavy metals.Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wastewater with different toxicity levels of manganese (Mn) on growth and bio-availability of Mn in spinach.The sewage water with two levels of Mn was applied exogenously as i) 150 mg L -1 sewage water (moderately toxic), ii) 350 mg L -1 sewage water (toxic level) and no Mn as control; (only sewage water).Two cuttings of spinach were taken after 45 and 90 days of germination.There was significant accumulation of Mn in leaves.The maximum concentration of Mn (11.13 and 12.67 mg L -1 ) was recorded with 350 mg L -1 Mn in sewage water at both cuttings, respectively.Minimum number of leaves with decrease of 43 and 25% were recorded with Mn 350 mg L -1 (toxic) and 150 mg L -1 (moderate) respectively.Plant biomass and dry weight showed negative behavior in second cutting as compared to first.The results showed that long-term application of Mn contaminated wastewater decreases the growth rate and yield of spinach by increasing its accumulation in leaves up to toxic levels.In conclusion, the application of sewage water to vegetables (especially spinach) should be avoided to prevent human life from health disorders.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese accumulated significantly in spinach leaves.
- Taxon
- Spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Mn in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“There was significant accumulation of Mn in leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the first cutting, 350 mg L -1 manganese in sewage water produced a leaf concentration of 11.13 mg L -1.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 350 mg L -1 Mn in sewage watere0
- Outcome
- concentration of Mne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.13e0
- Qualifier
- both cuttingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“The maximum concentration of Mn (11.13 and 12.67 mg L -1 ) was recorded with 350 mg L -1 Mn in sewage water at both cuttings, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the second cutting, 350 mg L -1 manganese in sewage water produced a leaf concentration of 12.67 mg L -1.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 350 mg L -1 Mn in sewage watere0
- Outcome
- concentration of Mne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 12.67 mg L -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“The maximum concentration of Mn (11.13 and 12.67 mg L -1 ) was recorded with 350 mg L -1 Mn in sewage water at both cuttings, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The toxic manganese treatment reduced spinach leaf number by 43%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Mn 350 mg L -1 (toxic)e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 43e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“Minimum number of leaves with decrease of 43 and 25% were recorded with Mn 350 mg L -1 (toxic) and 150 mg L -1 (moderate) respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate manganese treatment reduced spinach leaf number by 25%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 150 mg L -1 (moderate)e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“Minimum number of leaves with decrease of 43 and 25% were recorded with Mn 350 mg L -1 (toxic) and 150 mg L -1 (moderate) respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach biomass and dry weight were lower at the second cutting than the first.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- Plant biomass and dry weighte0
- Direction
- negative behaviore0
- Comparator
- firste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“Plant biomass and dry weight showed negative behavior in second cutting as compared to first.”
Claim · model-written summary
Long term manganese contaminated wastewater decreased spinach growth rate and yield.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- long-term application of Mn contaminated wastewatere0
- Outcome
- growth rate and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
e0“long-term application of Mn contaminated wastewater decreases the growth rate and yield of spinach by increasing its accumulation in leaves up to toxic levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend avoiding sewage water on vegetables, especially spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- application of sewage water to vegetables (especially spinach) should be avoidede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of sewage water to vegetables (especially spinach) should be avoided to prevent human life from health disorders.”
The same questions in other papers
manganese atom · molecular: metabolites · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
manganese atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
manganese atom · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.