Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at a Mclean County, IL seed corn production field where resistance to foliar-applied 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors was confirmed in waterhemp. Corn herbicides were applied to the soil at 1 and 2 times (1× and 2×, respectively) the recommended field use rate, while soybean herbicides were applied only at 1× the recommended rate. Waterhemp control and density were determined 30 and 60 d after treatment (DAT). In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT, while control with acetochlor was greater than 80%. One and 2× rates of acetochlor and 2× rates of mesotrione and unsafened isoxaflutole provided the greatest reduction of waterhemp density across years. At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years. A dose–response experiment with soil-applied mesotrione was performed under controlled greenhouse conditions using three waterhemp populations: MCR15 (seed collected from the McLean Co. site), NH41 (progeny obtained from the McLean Co. population by an additional generation of mesotrione selection in the greenhouse), and a sensitive (S). Emergence counts 21 DAT revealed higher seedling survival of MCR15 and NH41 at mesotrione rates of 105 g ha −1 or less compared with the sensitive control. Resistant-to-sensitive (R/S) ratios for NH41 and MCR15 were 12.7 and 8.8, respectively. Field results indicate the McLean Co. waterhemp population demonstrates reduced sensitivity to soil-applied HPPD-inhibiting herbicides. This is supported by greenhouse results that demonstrate reduced sensitivity to mesotrione in MCR15 and NH41.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Mesotrione at 1× gave less than 70% waterhemp control in corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- 1× rates of mesotrionee0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Safened isoxaflutole at 1× gave less than 70% waterhemp control in corn.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Unsafened isoxaflutole at 1× gave less than 70% waterhemp control in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- unsafened isoxaflutole formulationse0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 1× gave less than 70% waterhemp control in corn.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor at 1× gave less than 70% waterhemp control in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- S -metolachlore0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In corn, 1× rates of mesotrione, safened and unsafened isoxaflutole formulations, atrazine, and S -metolachlor provided less than 70% control 30 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor at 1× gave greater than 80% waterhemp control in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- acetochlore0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control with acetochlor was greater than 80%”
e1“In corn, 1× rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor at 1× and 2× produced the greatest waterhemp density reduction.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- One and 2× rates of acetochlore0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One and 2× rates of acetochlor and 2× rates of mesotrione and unsafened isoxaflutole provided the greatest reduction of waterhemp density across years”
e1“In corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Mesotrione at 2× produced the greatest waterhemp density reduction.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2× rates of mesotrionee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One and 2× rates of acetochlor and 2× rates of mesotrione and unsafened isoxaflutole provided the greatest reduction of waterhemp density across years”
e1“In corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Unsafened isoxaflutole at 2× produced the greatest waterhemp density reduction.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- unsafened isoxaflutolee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One and 2× rates of acetochlor and 2× rates of mesotrione and unsafened isoxaflutole provided the greatest reduction of waterhemp density across years”
e1“In corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone gave among the highest waterhemp control in soybean, 84 to 92%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- sulfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 84 to 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin gave among the highest waterhemp control in soybean, 84 to 92%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 84 to 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin gave among the highest waterhemp control in soybean, 84 to 92%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- metribuzine0
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 84 to 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone gave among the highest waterhemp control in soybean, 84 to 92%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfonee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 84 to 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone gave among the greatest reductions in waterhemp density in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin gave among the greatest reductions in waterhemp density in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin gave among the greatest reductions in waterhemp density in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- metribuzine0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone gave among the greatest reductions in waterhemp density in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfonee0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT in soybean, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone provided the highest levels of waterhemp control (84 to 92%), as well as the greatest reduction in waterhemp density both years”
Claim · model-written summary
MCR15 seedlings survived mesotrione rates of 105 g ha −1 or less better than sensitive seedlings.
Verbatim
t0“Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)”
e0“higher seedling survival of MCR15 and NH41 at mesotrione rates of 105 g ha −1 or less compared with the sensitive control”
Claim · model-written summary
NH41 seedlings survived mesotrione rates of 105 g ha −1 or less better than sensitive seedlings.
Verbatim
t0“Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)”
e0“higher seedling survival of MCR15 and NH41 at mesotrione rates of 105 g ha −1 or less compared with the sensitive control”
Claim · model-written summary
NH41 and MCR15 resistant-to-sensitive ratios were 12.7 and 8.8, respectively.
Verbatim
t0“Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)”
e0“Resistant-to-sensitive (R/S) ratios for NH41 and MCR15 were 12.7 and 8.8, respectively”
The same questions in other papers
isoxaflutole · control · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 17 papers →sulfentrazone · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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- positive
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See all 48 papers →atrazine · control · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
68 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 86 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.