Abstract
Abstract Waterhemp is a summer annual, broadleaf weed with high fecundity, short seed longevity in the soil, and wide genetic diversity. Populations have evolved resistance to five herbicide modes of action (Groups 2, 5, 9, 14, and 27), which are present across southern Ontario; this has increased the challenge of controlling this competitive weed species in corn, the most important grain crop produced worldwide and the highest-value agronomic crop in Ontario. Acetochlor is a Group 15 soil-applied residual herbicide that has activity on many grass and broadleaf weeds but has yet to be registered in Canada. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether mixtures of acetochlor with flumetsulam, dicamba, atrazine, isoxaflutole/diflufenican, or mesotrione + atrazine applied preemergence would increase the control of multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp in corn. Five field trials were conducted between 2022 and 2023. No corn injury was observed. Acetochlor applied alone controlled MHR waterhemp 97% 12 wk after application (WAA). All herbicide mixtures controlled MHR waterhemp similarly at ≥98% 12 WAA; there were no differences among herbicide mixtures. Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments and did not reduce density or biomass. Acetochlor reduced waterhemp density 98%, while the acetochlor mixtures reduced density similarly at 99% to 100%. This study concludes that the acetochlor mixtures evaluated provide excellent waterhemp control; however, control was not greater than acetochlor alone. Herbicide mixtures should be used as a best management practice to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
No corn injury was observed in the field trials.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Outcome
- No corn injurye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No corn injury was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor alone controlled resistant waterhemp 97% at 12 weeks.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor applied alonee0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Qualifier
- 12 wk after application (WAA)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetochlor applied alone controlled MHR waterhemp 97% 12 wk after application (WAA).”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide mixtures controlled resistant waterhemp at least 98% at 12 weeks.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicide mixturese0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥98%e0
- Qualifier
- 12 WAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicide mixtures controlled MHR waterhemp similarly at ≥98% 12 WAA”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterhemp control did not differ among herbicide mixtures.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicide mixturese0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe1
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- herbicide mixturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no differences among herbicide mixtures”
e1“controlled MHR waterhemp similarly at ≥98% 12 WAA”
t0“in corn”
e2“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumetsulam gave lower waterhemp control than other herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Flumetsulame0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- all other herbicide treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba gave lower waterhemp control than other herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- all other herbicide treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine gave lower waterhemp control than other herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- atrazinee0
- Outcome
- MHR waterhemp controle0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- all other herbicide treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumetsulam did not reduce waterhemp density or biomass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Flumetsulame0
- Outcome
- density or biomasse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments and did not reduce density or biomass.”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba did not reduce waterhemp density or biomass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- density or biomasse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments and did not reduce density or biomass.”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine did not reduce waterhemp density or biomass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- atrazinee0
- Outcome
- density or biomasse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumetsulam, dicamba, and atrazine provided lower MHR waterhemp control than all other herbicide treatments and did not reduce density or biomass.”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor reduced waterhemp density by 98%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Acetochlore0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetochlor reduced waterhemp density 98%”
t0“in corn”
e1“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor mixtures reduced waterhemp density by 99% to 100%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor mixturese0
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 99% to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the acetochlor mixtures reduced density similarly at 99% to 100%”
e1“waterhemp density”
t0“in corn”
e2“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor mixtures did not improve waterhemp control beyond acetochlor alone.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor mixturese1
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle1
- Direction
- not greatere0
- Comparator
- acetochlor alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control was not greater than acetochlor alone”
e1“acetochlor mixtures evaluated provide excellent waterhemp control”
t0“in corn”
e2“weed species in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend herbicide mixtures to mitigate resistance evolution.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Herbicide mixtures should be used as a best management practice to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide mixtures should be used as a best management practice to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance.”
t0“in corn”
t1“waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)”
e1“weed species in corn”
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See all 86 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.