Abstract
Effective management of water under irrigated agriculture is crucial to ensure food security. One crop that has high irrigation economic potential at local and international scales is soybean. This article presents the outcome of field experiments conducted in the dry seasons of 2013 and 2014 in Nigeria on the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) practices on reproductive stages of soybean. The experimental factor was the timing of irrigation. The five treatments were full irrigation (FI); skipping of irrigation every other week during flowering; pod initiation; seed filling and maturity stages.The crop was planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and inline drip irrigation was used to apply water. Leaf area index, dry above-ground biomass and seed yield were measured and the soil water balance approach was used to determine seasonal crop water use. Seasonal crop water use for the treatment in which deficit irrigation was imposed at seed filling stage was 364 mm while for the control treatment with full irrigation, seasonal crop water use was 532 mm. The seed yield reduced by 18.8 and 21.9% when DI was imposed during flowering and pod initiation, respectively. Similarly, the seed yield reduced by 24.4 and 47.9% when DI was imposed during maturity and seed filling. Water productivity (WP) reduced by 6.8 and 12.4% when DI was used during flowering and pod initiation, respectively. However, WP reduced by 20 and 35% during maturity and seed filling. DI during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35% while revenue was reduced by 18.5–47.7%. Full irrigation should be practiced to maximize water productivity. Weekly skipping of irrigation during seed filling will substantially reduce the seed yield and water productivity while skipping during flowering may be a viable option when water is scarce and land is not limiting. Economic evaluation will guide policy makers at basin scales for formulating improved and efficient water management plans under all varying weather conditions. DI can be used to optimise water productivity. The results will be beneficial in adopting deficit irrigation in a manner that will improve economic water productivity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-filling deficit irrigation used 364 mm of seasonal water versus 532 mm with full irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seasonal crop water usee0
- Direction
- 364 mme0
- Value
- 364 mme0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal crop water use for the treatment in which deficit irrigation was imposed at seed filling stage was 364 mm while for the control treatment with full irrigation, seasonal crop water use was 532 mm.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during flowering reduced soybean seed yield by 18.8%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was imposed during floweringe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed yield reduced by 18.8 and 21.9% when DI was imposed during flowering and pod initiation, respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during pod initiation reduced soybean seed yield by 21.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was imposed during flowering and pod initiatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed yield reduced by 18.8 and 21.9% when DI was imposed during flowering and pod initiation, respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during maturity reduced soybean seed yield by 24.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was imposed during maturitye0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seed yield reduced by 24.4 and 47.9% when DI was imposed during maturity and seed filling.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during seed filling reduced soybean seed yield by 47.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was imposed during maturity and seed fillinge0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 47.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seed yield reduced by 24.4 and 47.9% when DI was imposed during maturity and seed filling.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during flowering reduced water productivity by 6.8%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was used during floweringe0
- Outcome
- Water productivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water productivity (WP) reduced by 6.8 and 12.4% when DI was used during flowering and pod initiation, respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during pod initiation reduced water productivity by 12.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI was used during flowering and pod initiatione0
- Outcome
- Water productivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water productivity (WP) reduced by 6.8 and 12.4% when DI was used during flowering and pod initiation, respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during maturity reduced water productivity by 20%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI during reproductive stagese1
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WP reduced by 20 and 35% during maturity and seed filling.”
e1“DI during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35% while revenue was reduced by 18.5–47.7%.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during seed filling reduced water productivity by 35%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI during reproductive stagese1
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WP reduced by 20 and 35% during maturity and seed filling.”
e1“DI during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35% while revenue was reduced by 18.5–47.7%.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI during reproductive stagese0
- Outcome
- economic water productivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6.7–35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35% while revenue was reduced by 18.5–47.7%.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced revenue by 18.5–47.7%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- DI during reproductive stagese0
- Outcome
- revenuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.5–47.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI during reproductive stages reduced economic water productivity by 6.7–35% while revenue was reduced by 18.5–47.7%.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend full irrigation to maximize soybean water productivity.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Full irrigation should be practiced to maximize water productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Full irrigation should be practiced to maximize water productivity.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider skipping irrigation during flowering viable when water is scarce and land is not limiting.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- skipping during flowering may be a viable optione0
- Qualifier
- when water is scarce and land is not limitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skipping during flowering may be a viable option when water is scarce and land is not limiting.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that skipping irrigation during seed filling will substantially reduce soybean seed yield and water productivity.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Weekly skipping of irrigation during seed filling will substantially reduce the seed yield and water productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weekly skipping of irrigation during seed filling will substantially reduce the seed yield and water productivity”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude deficit irrigation can optimize water productivity.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- DI can be used to optimise water productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI can be used to optimise water productivity.”
t0“soybeans”
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