Abstract
To enable prediction of future rice production in a changing climate, we need to understand the interactive effects of temperature and elevated [CO2] (E[CO2]). We therefore examined if the effect of E[CO2] on the light-saturated leaf photosynthetic rate (Asat) was affected by soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan, in 2007 and 2008. Season-long E[CO2] (+200 µmol mol(-1)) increased Asat by 26%, when averaged over two years, temperature regimes and growth stages. The effect of ET (+2°C) on Asat was not significant at active tillering and heading, but became negative and significant at mid-grain filling; Asat in E[CO2]-ET was higher than in ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])-NT by only 4%. Photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2] also became apparent at mid-grain filling; Asat compared at the same [CO2] in the leaf cuvette was significantly lower in plants grown in E[CO2] than in those grown in A[CO2]. The additive effects of E[CO2] and ET decreased Asat by 23% compared with that of A[CO2]-NT plants. Although total crop nitrogen (N) uptake was increased by ET, N allocation to the leaves and to Rubisco was reduced under ET and E[CO2] at mid-grain filling, which resulted in a significant decrease (32%) in the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation on a leaf area basis. Because the change in N allocation was associated with the accelerated phenology in E[CO2]-ET plants, we conclude that soil and water warming accelerates photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2].
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long elevated CO2 increased light-saturated leaf photosynthesis (Asat) of rice by 26% relative to ambient CO2, averaged over two years, temperature regimes and growth stages.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Season-long E[CO2] (+200 µmol mol(-1))e1
- Outcome
- Asate1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Qualifier
- when averaged over two years, temperature regimes and growth stagese1
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“Season-long E[CO2] (+200 µmol mol(-1)) increased Asat by 26%, when averaged over two years, temperature regimes and growth stages”
e2“Asat in E[CO2]-ET was higher than in ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])-NT by only 4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature (+2°C) had no significant effect on Asat of rice at active tillering and heading.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ET (+2°C)e4
- Outcome
- Asate4
- Qualifier
- at active tillering and headinge4
- Comparator
- NTe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e4“The effect of ET (+2°C) on Asat was not significant at active tillering and heading, but became negative and significant at mid-grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature (+2°C) had a negative and significant effect on Asat of rice at mid-grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ET (+2°C)e4
- Outcome
- Asate4
- Direction
- negativee4
- Qualifier
- at mid-grain fillinge4
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e4“The effect of ET (+2°C) on Asat was not significant at active tillering and heading, but became negative and significant at mid-grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Asat of rice under elevated CO2 and elevated temperature was higher than under ambient CO2 and normal temperature by only 4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- E[CO2]-ETe2
- Outcome
- Asate2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 4%e2
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])-NTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e2“Asat in E[CO2]-ET was higher than in ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])-NT by only 4%”
Claim · model-written summary
At mid-grain filling, Asat measured at the same CO2 concentration was significantly lower in rice grown under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- E[CO2]e6
- Outcome
- Asat compared at the same [CO2] in the leaf cuvettee6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- at mid-grain fillinge7
- Comparator
- A[CO2]e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e6“Asat compared at the same [CO2] in the leaf cuvette was significantly lower in plants grown in E[CO2] than in those grown in A[CO2]”
e7“Photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2] also became apparent at mid-grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
The additive effects of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature decreased Asat of rice by 23% compared with ambient CO2 and normal temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- additive effects of E[CO2] and ETe1
- Outcome
- Asate1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 23%e1
- Comparator
- A[CO2]-NT plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“The additive effects of E[CO2] and ET decreased Asat by 23% compared with that of A[CO2]-NT plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature increased total crop nitrogen uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ETe1
- Outcome
- total crop nitrogen (N) uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“Although total crop nitrogen (N) uptake was increased by ET”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and elevated temperature reduced N allocation to the leaves and to Rubisco of rice at mid-grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ET and E[CO2]e1
- Outcome
- N allocation to the leaves and to Rubiscoe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- at mid-grain fillinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“N allocation to the leaves and to Rubisco was reduced under ET and E[CO2] at mid-grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and elevated temperature significantly decreased the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation on a leaf area basis in rice by 32%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ET and E[CO2]e1
- Outcome
- maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation on a leaf area basise2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 32%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“N allocation to the leaves and to Rubisco was reduced under ET and E[CO2] at mid-grain filling”
e2“which resulted in a significant decrease (32%) in the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation on a leaf area basis”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil and water warming accelerates photosynthetic down-regulation at elevated CO2 in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- soil and water warminge1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2]e1
- Direction
- acceleratese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“we conclude that soil and water warming accelerates photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2]”
Claim · model-written summary
The change in N allocation was associated with accelerated phenology in elevated CO2 plus elevated temperature rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- E[CO2]-ETe1
- Outcome
- phenologye1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan”
e1“Because the change in N allocation was associated with the accelerated phenology in E[CO2]-ET plants”
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