Abstract
The growth characteristics of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) embryos in culture and seeds in situ were found to be similar, but developmental differences were observed. Embryos placed in culture when very small (<2 milligrams dry weight) failed to attain the maximal growth rates attained by embryos which were more mature when placed in culture. When nutrient levels were maintained in the culture medium, embryos continued to grow indefinitely, reaching dry weights far in excess of seeds matured in situ. Apparently, maternal factors were important in early and late development during the determination of maximum growth rate and the cessation of growth. Embryo growth rate was not affected by substituting glucose plus fructose for sucrose in the medium, nor by hormone treatments, including abscisic acid. Glutamine was found to give substantially better growth than glutamate, however. Contrary to prior reports, the response of soybean embryo growth rate to irradiance was found to be primarily an artifact of the effect of irradiance on media temperature. Across seven genotypes the correlation coefficient between seed growth rate in situ and embryo growth rate in vitro was 0.94, indicating essentially all of the variability of in situ seed growth rate between cultivars could be attributed to inherent growth rate differences associated with the embryos. The response to temperature was very similar for both embryos in culture and seeds in situ at temperatures below 30 degrees C. Beyond that temperature, embryo growth rate continued to increase, while seed growth rate did not. The implication is that in situ seed growth rate is determined by the inherent growth potential of the embryo at low to moderate temperatures; however, at higher temperatures, the maternal plant is unable to support the rapid growth rates that the embryo is capable of attaining under conditions of unlimited assimilate supply.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cultured embryos and in situ seeds had similar growth characteristics but differed developmentally.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- embryose0
- Outcome
- growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- seeds in situe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth characteristics of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) embryos in culture and seeds in situ were found to be similar, but developmental differences were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Very small embryos placed in culture failed to attain the maximum growth rates of older embryos.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Embryose0
- Treatment
- placed in culture when very small (<2 milligrams dry weight)e0
- Outcome
- maximal growth ratese0
- Direction
- failed to attaine0
- Comparator
- embryos which were more maturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Embryos placed in culture when very small (<2 milligrams dry weight) failed to attain the maximal growth rates attained by embryos which were more mature when placed in culture”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
With maintained culture nutrients, embryos grew indefinitely to weights exceeding in situ seeds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- embryose0
- Treatment
- nutrient levels were maintained in the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- far in excesse0
- Comparator
- seeds matured in situe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When nutrient levels were maintained in the culture medium, embryos continued to grow indefinitely, reaching dry weights far in excess of seeds matured in situ”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer maternal factors influence early maximum growth rate and late growth cessation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- maximum growth rate and the cessation of growthe0
- Qualifier
- maternal factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apparently, maternal factors were important in early and late development during the determination of maximum growth rate and the cessation of growth”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing sucrose with glucose plus fructose did not change embryo growth rate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Embryoe0
- Treatment
- substituting glucose plus fructosee0
- Outcome
- Embryo growth ratee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Comparator
- sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Embryo growth rate was not affected by substituting glucose plus fructose for sucrose in the medium”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormone treatments including abscisic acid did not alter embryo growth rate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- hormone treatments, including abscisic acide0
- Outcome
- Embryo growth ratee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Embryo growth rate was not affected by substituting glucose plus fructose for sucrose in the medium, nor by hormone treatments, including abscisic acid”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamine supported substantially better growth than glutamate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glutaminee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- substantially bettere0
- Comparator
- glutamatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamine was found to give substantially better growth than glutamate”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The apparent irradiance response of embryo growth was primarily due to media temperature.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- embryo growth ratee0
- Qualifier
- effect of irradiance on media temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the response of soybean embryo growth rate to irradiance was found to be primarily an artifact of the effect of irradiance on media temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Across seven genotypes, in situ seed and cultured embryo growth rates correlated at 0.94.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- seven genotypese0
- Outcome
- seed growth rate in situ and embryo growth rate in vitroe0
- Value
- 0.94e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across seven genotypes the correlation coefficient between seed growth rate in situ and embryo growth rate in vitro was 0.94”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 30 degrees C, cultured embryos and in situ seeds responded similarly to temperature.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- response to temperaturee0
- Direction
- very similare0
- Qualifier
- below 30 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response to temperature was very similar for both embryos in culture and seeds in situ at temperatures below 30 degrees C”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Above 30 degrees C, cultured embryo growth continued increasing.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- embryoe0
- Outcome
- embryo growth ratee0
- Direction
- continued to increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beyond that temperature, embryo growth rate continued to increase, while seed growth rate did not”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Above 30 degrees C, in situ seed growth rate did not increase.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- seed growth ratee0
- Direction
- did note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beyond that temperature, embryo growth rate continued to increase, while seed growth rate did not”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
glutamine · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
glucose · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
class · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
58 papers more in this group
See all 62 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.