Abstract
Azospirillum spp. are plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) that enhance growth by several mechanisms, including the production of phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs). Their presence may also alleviate plant water stress. In the present paper, the effects of Azospirillum lipoferum in maize ( Zea mays L.) plants treated with inhibitors of ABA and GA synthesis, fluridone (F) and prohexadione-Ca (P), respectively, and either submitted to drought stress or provided sufficient water, were analysed. Fluridone diminished the growth of plants that had been well watered, in a manner similar to drought, but inoculation with Azospirillum completely reversed this effect. The relative water content of the F-treated and drought-stressed plants was significantly lower (even though drought-stressed plants had been allowed to recover for one week), and this effect was completely neutralized by Azospirillum. These results were correlated with ABA levels assessed by GC-EIMS. Growth was diminished in drought-submitted plants treated with P, alone or combined with F, even though ABA levels were enhanced, suggesting that GAs produced by the bacterium are also important in stress alleviation. The results suggest that both ABA and GAs contribute to water-stress alleviation of plants by Azospirillum.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone reduced growth of well-watered maize similarly to drought.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluridone diminished the growth of plants that had been well watered, in a manner similar to drought”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation completely reversed the fluridone-associated growth reduction.
- Treatment
- inoculation with Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- Fluridonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluridone diminished the growth of plants that had been well watered, in a manner similar to drought, but inoculation with Azospirillum completely reversed this effect”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone-treated maize had significantly lower relative water content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative water content of the F-treated and drought-stressed plants was significantly lower”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed maize had significantly lower relative water content, even after one week of recovery.
- Treatment
- drought-stressede0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- recover for one weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative water content of the F-treated and drought-stressed plants was significantly lower (even though drought-stressed plants had been allowed to recover for one week)”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum completely neutralized the reduction in relative water content.
- Treatment
- Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- neutralizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative water content of the F-treated and drought-stressed plants was significantly lower (even though drought-stressed plants had been allowed to recover for one week), and this effect was completely neutralized by Azospirillum”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth was diminished under drought with prohexadione-Ca treatment alone.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth was diminished in drought-submitted plants treated with P, alone or combined with F”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth was diminished under drought when prohexadione-Ca and fluridone were combined.
- Treatment
- P, alone or combined with Fe0
- Outcome
- Growthe0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- drought-submittede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth was diminished in drought-submitted plants treated with P, alone or combined with F”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA levels were enhanced in drought-submitted plants treated with prohexadione-Ca.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth was diminished in drought-submitted plants treated with P, alone or combined with F, even though ABA levels were enhanced”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest ABA and gibberellins both contribute to Azospirillum-mediated water-stress alleviation.
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Compound
- ABA and GAse0
- Outcome
- water-stress alleviatione0
- Qualifier
- suggeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that both ABA and GAs contribute to water-stress alleviation of plants by Azospirillum”
t0“maize ( Zea mays L.) plants”
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