Abstract
Many gram-negative bacterial pathogens rely on a type III secretion system to deliver a number of effector proteins into the host cell. Though a number of these effectors have been shown to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity, their functions remain elusive. Here we report that AvrPto, an effector known for its ability to interact with Pto and induce Pto-mediated disease resistance, inhibited the hypersensitive response (HR) induced by nonhost pathogen interactions. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1 causes an HR-like cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana. This rapid cell death was delayed significantly in plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. tomato expressing avrPto. In addition, P. syringae pv. tabaci expressing avrPto suppressed nonhost HR on tomato prf3 and ptoS lines. Transient expression of avrPto in both N. benthamiana and tomato prf3 plants also was able to suppress nonhost HR. Interestingly, AvrPto failed to suppress cell death caused by other elicitors and nonhost pathogens. AvrPto also failed to suppress cell death caused by certain gene-for-gene disease resistance interactions. Experiments with avrPto mutants revealed several residues important for the suppression effects. AvrPto mutants G2A, G99V, P146L, and a 12-amino-acid C-terminal deletion mutant partially lost the suppression ability, whereas S94P and 196T enhanced suppression of cell death in N. benthamiana. These results, together with other discoveries, demonstrated that suppression of host-programmed cell death may serve as one of the strategies bacterial pathoens use for successful invasion.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
P. syringae pv. tomato T1 caused an HR-like cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1e0pathogen
- Outcome
- HR-like cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1 causes an HR-like cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
AvrPto-expressing P. syringae pv. tomato significantly delayed rapid cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with P. syringae pv. tomato expressing avrPtoe1
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. tomato
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe1pathogen - Gene
- avrPtoe1
- Outcome
- rapid cell deathe1
- Direction
- delayede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1 causes an HR-like cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“This rapid cell death was delayed significantly in plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. tomato expressing avrPto”
Claim · model-written summary
AvrPto-expressing P. syringae pv. tabaci suppressed nonhost HR on tomato prf3 and ptoS lines.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- prf3 and ptoS linese0
- Treatment
- P. syringae pv. tabaci expressing avrPtoe0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. tabaciPseudomonas amygdali pv. tabacie0pathogen
- Gene
- avrPtoe0
- Outcome
- nonhost HRe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. syringae pv. tabaci expressing avrPto suppressed nonhost HR on tomato prf3 and ptoS lines”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient avrPto expression suppressed nonhost HR in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of avrPtoe0
- Gene
- avrPtoe0
- Outcome
- nonhost HRe0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of avrPto in both N. benthamiana and tomato prf3 plants also was able to suppress nonhost HR”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient avrPto expression suppressed nonhost HR in tomato prf3 plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- prf3e0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of avrPtoe0
- Gene
- avrPtoe0
- Outcome
- nonhost HRe0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of avrPto in both N. benthamiana and tomato prf3 plants also was able to suppress nonhost HR”
Claim · model-written summary
AvrPto did not suppress cell death from other elicitors and nonhost pathogens.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana and TomatoSolanum lycopersicumNicotiana benthamianat0
- Gene
- AvrPtoe0
- Outcome
- failed to suppress cell death caused by other elicitors and nonhost pathogense0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato”
e0“AvrPto failed to suppress cell death caused by other elicitors and nonhost pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
AvrPto did not suppress cell death from some gene-for-gene resistance interactions.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana and TomatoSolanum lycopersicumNicotiana benthamianat0
- Gene
- AvrPtoe0
- Outcome
- failed to suppress cell death caused by certain gene-for-gene disease resistance interactionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato”
e0“AvrPto also failed to suppress cell death caused by certain gene-for-gene disease resistance interactions”
Claim · model-written summary
G2A, G99V, P146L, and a C-terminal deletion partially reduced AvrPto suppression ability.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Material
- G2A, G99V, P146L, and a 12-amino-acid C-terminal deletion mutante0
- Gene
- AvrPtoe0
- Outcome
- suppression abilitye0
- Direction
- loste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
e0“AvrPto mutants G2A, G99V, P146L, and a 12-amino-acid C-terminal deletion mutant partially lost the suppression ability”
Claim · model-written summary
S94P and 196T enhanced suppression of cell death in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Material
- S94P and 196Te0
- Outcome
- suppression of cell deathe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas S94P and 196T enhanced suppression of cell death in N. benthamiana”
The same questions in other papers
transgenic · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 27 papers →transgenic · disease · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 27 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
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See all 53 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.