Abstract
The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Unfavorable seasonal weather lowered wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Setting
- unfavorable climatic conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal weather affected wheat quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- qualitye0
- Setting
- seasonal weathere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation with leguminous crops improved wheat yield by 6.47% compared with continuous cropping.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.47%e0
- Comparator
- continuous croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation improved grain protein content by 5.88%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rotatione1
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5.88%e0
- Comparator
- continuous croppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved grain protein content (5.88%)”
e1“This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative management.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- productive gape0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9.24 and 14.14%e0
- Comparator
- continuous croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping system and management produced small differences in soil total nitrogen at study end.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen valuese0
- Direction
- poore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping system related to total organic carbon by 16.04%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Value
- 16.04e0
- Setting
- cropping systeme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively)”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop management related to total organic carbon by 17.58%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Value
- 17.58%e0
- Setting
- crop managemente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively)”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping system related to available phosphorus by 11.30%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- available phosphorus valuese0
- Value
- 11.30e0
- Setting
- cropping systeme1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%)”
e1“This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop management related to available phosphorus by 7.43%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- available phosphorus valuese0
- Value
- 7.43%e0
- Setting
- crop managemente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%)”
e1“This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend suitable rotation and sustainable management to improve wheat yield and quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat”
The same questions in other papers
rotation · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →rotation · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
252 papers in the same direction as this paper · 83 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
341 papers more in this group
See all 345 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.