Abstract
ABSTRACT A two-year field study examined the effect of different sources of nitrogen (N) fertilization, soil tillage depths, and crop rotations on winter wheat yield, quality, and N utilization. Nitrogen fertilization treatments were: mineral N at 100 kg N ha−1 (Nmin); municipal solid waste compost at 100 kg N ha−1 of organic N (Ncomp); 50 kg N ha−1 of both compost and mineral N fertilizer (Nmix); unfertilized control (control). Tillage treatments were conventional and minimum tillage applied on the rotations tomato—wheat, sugar beet—wheat, and sunflower—wheat. The Nmix treatment had the highest yield and N uptake (5.29 t ha−1 and 157.9 kg ha−1, respectively). The partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizer increased yield by 8% and 33%, and N uptake by 2% and 31%, with respect to Nmin and control treatments, respectively. In comparison with Nmin, Nmix had a higher stability in these parameters throughout years and rotations, and no reduction in grain protein level and in N utilization. Conversely, the Ncomp performance was lower than Nmin and Nmix treatments, and the grain yield was only 12% higher than the control. Tillage affected yield and N uptake only in the year characterized by high rainfall during the vegetative stages, while no significant differences were found in protein content and N utilization in both years. Among the crop rotations, wheat after sugar beet had the highest grain yield (4.91 t ha−1) and a good protein content (11.9%), while sunflower and tomato rotations had a lower grain yield (4.35 t ha−1) and protein content (10.3%).
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Nmix had the highest yield of 5.29 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Nmixe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.29 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nmix treatment had the highest yield and N uptake (5.29 t ha−1 and 157.9 kg ha−1, respectively).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nmix had the highest nitrogen uptake of 157.9 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nmixe0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 157.9 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nmix treatment had the highest yield and N uptake (5.29 t ha−1 and 157.9 kg ha−1, respectively).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial mineral replacement increased yield by 8% over Nmin.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Comparator
- Nmine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizer increased yield by 8% and 33%, and N uptake by 2% and 31%, with respect to Nmin and control treatments, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial mineral replacement increased yield by 33% over control.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizer increased yield by 8% and 33%, and N uptake by 2% and 31%, with respect to Nmin and control treatments, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial mineral replacement increased nitrogen uptake by 2% over Nmin.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Comparator
- Nmine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizer increased yield by 8% and 33%, and N uptake by 2% and 31%, with respect to Nmin and control treatments, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial mineral replacement increased nitrogen uptake by 31% over control.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The partial substitution of mineral with organic N fertilizer increased yield by 8% and 33%, and N uptake by 2% and 31%, with respect to Nmin and control treatments, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nmix was more stable in yield and nitrogen uptake across years and rotations than Nmin.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nmixe0
- Outcome
- stability in these parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Nmine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with Nmin, Nmix had a higher stability in these parameters throughout years and rotations”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nmix did not reduce grain protein or nitrogen utilization relative to Nmin.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nmixe0
- Outcome
- grain protein level and in N utilizatione0
- Direction
- no reductione0
- Comparator
- Nmine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with Nmin, Nmix had a higher stability in these parameters throughout years and rotations, and no reduction in grain protein level and in N utilization.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ncomp performed below Nmin and Nmix.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ncompe0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Nmin and Nmix treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Ncomp performance was lower than Nmin and Nmix treatments”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ncomp grain yield was 12% above control.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ncompe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, the Ncomp performance was lower than Nmin and Nmix treatments, and the grain yield was only 12% higher than the control.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage affected yield and nitrogen uptake only during the high-rainfall year.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- yield and N uptakee0
- Qualifier
- high rainfall during the vegetative stagese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage affected yield and N uptake only in the year characterized by high rainfall during the vegetative stages”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage showed no significant difference in protein content or nitrogen utilization in both years.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- protein content and N utilizatione0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage affected yield and N uptake only in the year characterized by high rainfall during the vegetative stages, while no significant differences were found in protein content and N utilization in both years.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat after sugar beet had the highest grain yield of 4.91 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- after sugar beete0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.91 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat after sugar beet had the highest grain yield (4.91 t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat after sugar beet had 11.9% protein content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- after sugar beete0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Value
- 11.9%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat after sugar beet had the highest grain yield (4.91 t ha−1) and a good protein content (11.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower and tomato rotations had lower grain yield of 4.35 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sunflower and tomato rotationse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 4.35 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sunflower and tomato rotations had a lower grain yield (4.35 t ha−1)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower and tomato rotations had lower protein content of 10.3%.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sunflower and tomato rotationse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sunflower and tomato rotations had a lower grain yield (4.35 t ha−1) and protein content (10.3%).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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