Abstract
Abstract Incorporation of bicarbonate (HCO3 ‐) by the roots of tomato seedlings resulted in an increase in biomass production and changed the chemical composition of xylem sap. In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I) the element content increased by about 27% and 33% for cations and anions, respectively. Potassium was the major cation in the xylem sap and constituted 69% of the total concentration of all the inorganic cations determined. Calcium attained 19% of this amount. The anionic load in the xylem sap was chiefly nitrate, constituting about 90% of the content of all the inorganic anions. The exudate was analysed for seven organic acids. In general, malic (MA), maleic, and citric (CA) occurred in xylem exudate at greater concentrations, constituting about 95% of the total content of organic acids. Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%. The concentration of MA increased by about 104% and that of CA and maleic acid exceeded the control by about 40% and 14%, respectively. Twenty amino acids were identified in tomato xylem sap. Glutamic, aspartic and y‐arninobutyric acid, and particularly the amides aspargine and glutamine occurred in greater amounts. Their total concentration was about 60% and 70% of the total amino acid content in series I and II, respectively. The remaining amino acids occurred at concentrations ≥ 90 μM. The cultivation of plants on the medium containing HCO3 ‐ resulted in an increase in amino acid content in xylem sap by about 28% as compared with the control. The ratio of amino acid to organic acid content was 2: 2.5 and 2: 3 for series I and II, respectively. The similar value of the ratio in the two series suggests that the synthesis of both groups of compounds be equally favoured by the carbon source (endogenous in the control and from the medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ in series II). The increased level of elements and organic compounds in xylem sap in the case of plants supplied with HCO3 ‐ is discussed in the work in respect of metabolic processes of roots.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate incorporation increased tomato seedling biomass.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- bicarbonate (HCO3 ‐)e0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporation of bicarbonate (HCO3 ‐) by the roots of tomato seedlings resulted in an increase in biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate increased xylem sap cations by about 27% versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- HCO3 ‐e1
- Outcome
- cationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the element content increased by about 27% and 33% for cations and anions, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate increased xylem sap anions by about 33% versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- HCO3 ‐e1
- Outcome
- anionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the element content increased by about 27% and 33% for cations and anions, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium accounted for 69% of inorganic xylem sap cations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Potassiume0
- Value
- 69%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium was the major cation in the xylem sap and constituted 69% of the total concentration of all the inorganic cations determined”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium accounted for 19% of inorganic xylem sap cations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Calciume0
- Value
- 19%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium attained 19% of this amount”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate constituted about 90% of xylem sap inorganic anions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- nitratee0
- Value
- 90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrate, constituting about 90% of the content of all the inorganic anions”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic, maleic and citric acids together constituted about 95% of xylem sap organic acids.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- malic (MA), maleic, and citric (CA)e0
- Value
- 95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malic (MA), maleic, and citric (CA) occurred in xylem exudate at greater concentrations, constituting about 95% of the total content of organic acids”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate enrichment increased total xylem organic acids by about 60%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- medium enriched with HCOJe0
- Outcome
- content of organic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid concentration increased about 104%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- medium enriched with HCOJe2
- Outcome
- concentration of MAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 104%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of MA increased by about 104%”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid concentration exceeded control by about 40%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- medium enriched with HCOJe2
- Outcome
- CAe0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of CA and maleic acid exceeded the control by about 40% and 14%, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Maleic acid concentration exceeded control by about 14%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- medium enriched with HCOJe2
- Outcome
- maleic acide0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of CA and maleic acid exceeded the control by about 40% and 14%, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty amino acids were found in tomato xylem sap.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- amino acidse0
- Value
- Twentye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty amino acids were identified in tomato xylem sap”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamic, aspartic and y‐arninobutyric acid occurred in greater amounts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Glutamic, aspartic and y‐arninobutyric acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamic, aspartic and y‐arninobutyric acid, and particularly the amides aspargine and glutamine occurred in greater amounts”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspargine and glutamine occurred in particularly greater amounts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- aspargine and glutaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“particularly the amides aspargine and glutamine occurred in greater amounts”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
The named abundant amino acids accounted for about 60% of total amino acids in control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- total amino acid contente0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Qualifier
- series Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their total concentration was about 60% and 70% of the total amino acid content in series I and II, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
The named abundant amino acids accounted for about 70% of total amino acids in bicarbonate medium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- total amino acid contente0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Qualifier
- series IIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their total concentration was about 60% and 70% of the total amino acid content in series I and II, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
The remaining amino acids occurred at concentrations at least 90 μM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- remaining amino acidse0
- Value
- ≥ 90 μMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The remaining amino acids occurred at concentrations ≥ 90 μM”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate medium increased xylem amino acid content by about 28%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- medium containing HCO3 ‐e0
- Outcome
- amino acid content in xylem sape0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivation of plants on the medium containing HCO3 ‐ resulted in an increase in amino acid content in xylem sap by about 28% as compared with the control”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid to organic acid ratios were 2: 2.5 in control and 2: 3 in bicarbonate medium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- ratio of amino acid to organic acid contente0
- Value
- 2: 2.5 and 2: 3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ratio of amino acid to organic acid content was 2: 2.5 and 2: 3 for series I and II, respectively”
e1“In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO3 ‐ (5.68 mM dm‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I)”
e2“Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%”
t0“tomato grown”
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