Abstract
Global warming will likely exacerbate the negative effects of limited water availability in the Mediterranean area. The Italian Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) provenances are distributed along the coasts except Otricoli provenance growing in an unusual location between 300 and 1,000 m a. s. l., in Umbria (central Italy). The aim of the present study was to investigate the photosynthetic response to a 28-day-long drought and to a subsequent reestablishment of water availability in Otricoli and North Euboea (Greece) provenances, representing different locations along a rainfall gradient in the natural range of this species. Six-month-old seedlings were used in this experiment since at this age Aleppo pine plants in Mediterranean climate face their first water stress potentially affecting plant survival. Water potential (ψw), net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased during drought in both provenances and showed minimal values 28 days after beginning the treatment (DAT). Otricoli seedlings adjusted ψw gradually as the stress level increased and 21 DAT showed a lower ψw than North Euboea. In contrast, in North Euboea seedlings ψw that was not affected until 21 DAT rapidly dropped to a minimum of -3.81 MPa 28 DAT. At the onset of the stress the intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) was reduced, and the "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis. However, 28 DAT, C i increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis. A rapid decrease in PSII maximal photochemical efficiency estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was also observed when the stress became severe. At the final stage of water stress, North Euboea seedlings maintained significantly higher values of Fv/Fm than Otricoli seedlings. Upon rewatering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in Otricoli seedlings (41 DAT), while all other parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances. No drought-induced physiological differences were consistent with the regional climatic features of these two provenances. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in drought response may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming, but that recurrent drought episode may slow down the primary productivity of this provenance.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased water potential, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in both provenances, reaching minima at 28 DAT.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pine
Pinus halepensist0 - Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Water potential (ψw), net photosynthesis and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both provenancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water potential (ψw), net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased during drought in both provenances and showed minimal values 28 days after beginning the treatment (DAT).”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At 21 DAT Otricoli seedlings had lower water potential than North Euboea.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- Otricoli seedlingse0
- Outcome
- ψwe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 21 DATe0
- Comparator
- North Euboeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Otricoli seedlings adjusted ψw gradually as the stress level increased and 21 DAT showed a lower ψw than North Euboea.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
North Euboea water potential remained unaffected until 21 DAT.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- North Euboea seedlingse0
- Outcome
- ψwe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- until 21 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, in North Euboea seedlings ψw that was not affected until 21 DAT rapidly dropped to a minimum of -3.81 MPa 28 DAT.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
North Euboea water potential dropped to -3.81 MPa at 28 DAT.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- North Euboea seedlingse0
- Outcome
- ψwe0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- -3.81 MPae0
- Qualifier
- 28 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, in North Euboea seedlings ψw that was not affected until 21 DAT rapidly dropped to a minimum of -3.81 MPa 28 DAT.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At stress onset intercellular CO2 concentration fell in both provenances.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentration (C i)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- both provenancese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the onset of the stress the intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) was reduced, and the "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At stress onset intrinsic water-use efficiency rose in both provenances.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- both provenancese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the onset of the stress the intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) was reduced, and the "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At stress onset stomatal conductance decreased faster than photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- more rapidly than photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the onset of the stress the intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) was reduced, and the "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 DAT intercellular CO2 concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- C ie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 28 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, 28 DAT, C i increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 DAT water-use efficiency decreased.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- WUEie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 28 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, 28 DAT, C i increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 DAT stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minima.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and photosynthesise0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- 28 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, 28 DAT, C i increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
The 28 DAT response indicated nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, 28 DAT, C i increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII maximal photochemical efficiency rapidly decreased under severe stress.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- PSII maximal photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- rapid decreasee0
- Qualifier
- when the stress became severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rapid decrease in PSII maximal photochemical efficiency estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was also observed when the stress became severe.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At final water stress North Euboea seedlings had significantly higher Fv/Fm than Otricoli seedlings.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- North Euboea seedlingse0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- final stage of water stresse0
- Comparator
- Otricoli seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the final stage of water stress, North Euboea seedlings maintained significantly higher values of Fv/Fm than Otricoli seedlings.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
After rewatering Otricoli photosynthesis did not fully recover by 41 DAT.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- Otricoli seedlingse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- did not fully recovere0
- Qualifier
- 41 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon rewatering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in Otricoli seedlings (41 DAT), while all other parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
After rewatering all other measured parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- all other parameterse0
- Direction
- recoverede0
- Qualifier
- both provenancese0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon rewatering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in Otricoli seedlings (41 DAT), while all other parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-induced physiological differences did not align with the provenances’ regional climates.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Outcome
- drought-induced physiological differencese0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Setting
- regional climatic featurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No drought-induced physiological differences were consistent with the regional climatic features of these two provenances.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenotypic plasticity may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- Otricoli provenancee0
- Outcome
- cope with global warminge0
- Qualifier
- phenotypic plasticity in drought responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in drought response may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming, but that recurrent drought episode may slow down the primary productivity of this provenance.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Recurrent drought may slow Otricoli primary productivity.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensist0
- Material
- Otricoli provenancee0
- Treatment
- recurrent drought episodee0
- Outcome
- primary productivitye0
- Direction
- slow downe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in drought response may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming, but that recurrent drought episode may slow down the primary productivity of this provenance.”
t0“Aleppo pine”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.