Abstract
Abstract In concurrent studies it was demonstrated that the drought resistance of cowpeas [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is associated with extreme drought avoidance resulting from drought‐induced regulation of water loss. The present studies were conducted to quantify drought effects on crop water use, and relations with growth and seed yield. Two cowpea cultivars were subjected to different drought intensities at the vegetative, flowering, and pod filling stages in the field during 2 years having contrasting weather patterns. Soil moisture was measured weekly throughout the season using the neutron scattering method. Water use (ET) and its ratio with pan evaporation (ET/E pan ) were calculated both weekly and for the entire season. The seasonal patterns of ET/E pan were similar for the 2 years which had contrasting patterns of potential evaporation. Under well‐watered conditions, ET/E pan increased linearly with ground cover and had an average value of 0.94 with complete ground cover. ET was restricted well below the potential level by different levels of drought, and at different growth stages, but showed rapid recovery following a vegetative‐stage drought. When plant cover was not limiting, ET/E pan was extremely sensitive to percent available water in the rooting zone with a high threshold of 90% in contrast to results from earlier work with other crops. A more general description of the factors influencing ET of cowpeas under varying types and levels of drought was provided by a linear relationship between ET/E pan and fractional, ground cover × available water. Root growth increased linearly throughout the season to a depth of 135 cm under well‐watered conditions, but was restricted greatly under dry conditions. A linear relationship was observed between relative seed yield and relative water use from early flowering to harvest. Water‐use efficiency (WUE) generally increased with vegetative‐stage drought and was reduced by flowering‐stage and late‐season droughts. WUE increased slightly with moderate reductions in the level of weekly irrigation and decreased with further reductions in irrigation level.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ET/E pan increased linearly with ground cover and averaged 0.94 at complete ground cover under well-watered conditions.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- ground covere1
- Outcome
- ET/E pane1
- Direction
- increased linearlye1
- Value
- 0.94e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e1“Under well‐watered conditions, ET/E pan increased linearly with ground cover and had an average value of 0.94 with complete ground cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought restricted ET well below the potential level.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- droughte2
- Outcome
- ETe2
- Direction
- restrictede2
- Comparator
- potential levele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e2“ET was restricted well below the potential level by different levels of drought, and at different growth stages, but showed rapid recovery following a vegetative‐stage drought”
Claim · model-written summary
ET showed rapid recovery following a vegetative-stage drought.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- vegetative‐stage droughte2
- Outcome
- ETe2
- Direction
- showed rapid recoverye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e2“ET was restricted well below the potential level by different levels of drought, and at different growth stages, but showed rapid recovery following a vegetative‐stage drought”
Claim · model-written summary
ET/E pan was extremely sensitive to percent available water in the rooting zone, with a high threshold of 90%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- percent available water in the rooting zonee3
- Outcome
- ET/E pane3
- Value
- 90%e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e3“ET/E pan was extremely sensitive to percent available water in the rooting zone with a high threshold of 90%”
Claim · model-written summary
ET/E pan was linearly related to fractional ground cover multiplied by available water.
- Taxon
- cowpeasVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- fractional, ground cover × available watere4
- Outcome
- ET/E pane4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“A more general description of the factors influencing ET of cowpeas under varying types and levels of drought was provided by a linear relationship between ET/E pan and fractional, ground cover × available water”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth increased linearly through the season to a depth of 135 cm under well-watered conditions.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- well‐watered conditionse5
- Outcome
- Root growthe5
- Direction
- increased linearlye5
- Qualifier
- to a depth of 135 cme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e5“Root growth increased linearly throughout the season to a depth of 135 cm under well‐watered conditions, but was restricted greatly under dry conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth was restricted greatly under dry conditions.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- dry conditionse5
- Outcome
- Root growthe5
- Direction
- restricted greatlye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e5“Root growth increased linearly throughout the season to a depth of 135 cm under well‐watered conditions, but was restricted greatly under dry conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative seed yield was linearly related to relative water use from early flowering to harvest.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Organ / stage
- from early flowering to harveste6
- Treatment
- relative water usee6
- Outcome
- relative seed yielde6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e6“A linear relationship was observed between relative seed yield and relative water use from early flowering to harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE generally increased with vegetative-stage drought.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- vegetative‐stage droughte7
- Outcome
- WUEe7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e7“Water‐use efficiency (WUE) generally increased with vegetative‐stage drought and was reduced by flowering‐stage and late‐season droughts”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE was reduced by flowering-stage and late-season droughts.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- flowering‐stage and late‐season droughtse7
- Outcome
- WUEe7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e7“Water‐use efficiency (WUE) generally increased with vegetative‐stage drought and was reduced by flowering‐stage and late‐season droughts”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE increased slightly with moderate reductions in weekly irrigation level.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- moderate reductions in the level of weekly irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increased slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e0“WUE increased slightly with moderate reductions in the level of weekly irrigation and decreased with further reductions in irrigation level”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE decreased with further reductions in irrigation level.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- further reductions in irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Drought Adaptation of Cowpea. IV. Influence of Drought on Water Use, and Relations with Growth and Seed Yield1”
e0“WUE increased slightly with moderate reductions in the level of weekly irrigation and decreased with further reductions in irrigation level”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: water · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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1 in the opposite direction
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irrigation · physiology: water · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.