Abstract
Ethylene regulates many aspects of plant growth and development; however, its effect on the behavior of the stomata is still largely obscure. Here, the association between ethylene inhibition of darkness-induced stomatal closure and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels in Vicia faba guard cells was studied. Like ascorbic acid (ASA), the most important reducing substrate for H 2 O 2 removal, catalase (CAT), one of H 2 O 2 -scavenging enzymes, and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the H 2 O 2 -generating enzyme NADPH-oxidase, both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells, indicating that ethylene-caused inhibition of darkness-induced stomatal closure involves reduction in the H 2 O 2 level in guard cells. Additionally, similar to ASA and CAT, ACC/ETH not only suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 level in guard cells treated with exogenous H 2 O 2 in the light, but also reopened the stomata, which had been closed by darkness, and reduced H 2 O 2 level that had been generated by darkness, showing that ethylene causes H 2 O 2 removal from guard cells. However, the above-mentioned effect of ACC/ETH was dissimilar from that of DPI, which not only was incapable to reduce H 2 O 2 level induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 but also could not abolish H 2 O 2 that had been generated by darkness. Thus, we suggest that ethylene probably induces H 2 O 2 removal and reduces H 2 O 2 level in guard cells and finally inhibits stomatal closure induced by darkness. Furthermore, the mechanism of H 2 O 2 removal caused by ethylene was also discussed.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon inhibited darkness-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia faba
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal closure by darknesse0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC inhibited darkness-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal closure by darknesse0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced guard-cell hydrogen peroxide under darkness.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH)e0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 levels in guard cellse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC reduced guard-cell hydrogen peroxide under darkness.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 levels in guard cellse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells”
Claim · model-written summary
ASA, CAT and DPI inhibited darkness-induced closure and reduced guard-cell hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acid (ASA)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal closure by darknesse0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“Like ascorbic acid (ASA), the most important reducing substrate for H 2 O 2 removal, catalase (CAT), one of H 2 O 2 -scavenging enzymes, and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the H 2 O 2 -generating enzyme NADPH-oxidase, both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by darkness and to reduce H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC and ethephon suppressed hydrogen peroxide-induced stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ACC/ETHe0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- exogenous H 2 O 2 in the lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“ACC/ETH not only suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 level in guard cells treated with exogenous H 2 O 2 in the light”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC and ethephon suppressed guard-cell hydrogen peroxide under exogenous hydrogen peroxide in light.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ACC/ETHe0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 level in guard cellse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- exogenous H 2 O 2 in the lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“ACC/ETH not only suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 level in guard cells treated with exogenous H 2 O 2 in the light”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC and ethephon reopened darkness-closed stomata.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ACC/ETHe1
- Outcome
- stomata, which had been closed by darknesse0
- Direction
- reopenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“reopened the stomata, which had been closed by darkness”
e1“ACC/ETH not only suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 level in guard cells treated with exogenous H 2 O 2 in the light”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC and ethephon reduced hydrogen peroxide generated by darkness.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ACC/ETHe1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 levele0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“reduced H 2 O 2 level that had been generated by darkness”
e1“ACC/ETH not only suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 level in guard cells treated with exogenous H 2 O 2 in the light”
Claim · model-written summary
DPI failed to reduce exogenous hydrogen peroxide and darkness-generated hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- DPIe0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 level induced by exogenous H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- incapable to reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vicia faba”
e0“DPI, which not only was incapable to reduce H 2 O 2 level induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 but also could not abolish H 2 O 2 that had been generated by darkness”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.