Abstract
SUMMARY: Physical injury inflicted on living tissue makes it vulnerable to invasion by pathogens. Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould. In wounded leaves, hyphal growth was strongly inhibited compared to unwounded controls. Wound-induced resistance was not associated with salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- or ethylene-dependent defence responses. The phytoalexin camalexin was found to be involved in this defence response as camalexin-deficient mutants were not protected after wounding and the B. cinerea strains used here were sensitive to this compound. Wounding alone did not lead to camalexin production but primed its accumulation after inoculation with B. cinerea, further supporting the role of camalexin in wound-induced resistance. In parallel with increased camalexin production, genes involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin were induced faster in wounded and infected plants in comparison with unwounded and infected plants. Glutathione was also found to be required for resistance, as mutants deficient in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase showed susceptibility to B. cinerea after wounding, indicating that wild-type basal levels of glutathione are required for the wound-induced resistance. Furthermore, expression of the gene encoding glutathione-S-transferase 1 was primed by wounding in leaves inoculated with B. cinerea. In addition, the priming of MAP kinase activity was observed after inoculation of wounded leaves with B. cinerea compared to unwounded inoculated controls. Our results demonstrate how abiotic stress can induce immunity to virulent strains of B. cinerea, a process that involves camalexin and glutathione.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In wounded Arabidopsis leaves, Botrytis cinerea hyphal growth was strongly inhibited compared with unwounded controls.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- wounded leavese1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- hyphal growthe1
- Direction
- strongly inhibitede1
- Comparator
- unwounded controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e1“In wounded leaves, hyphal growth was strongly inhibited compared to unwounded controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Wound-induced resistance was not associated with salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- or ethylene-dependent defence responses.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- wound-induced resistancee2
- Qualifier
- not associated with salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- or ethylene-dependent defence responsese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e2“Wound-induced resistance was not associated with salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- or ethylene-dependent defence responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Camalexin-deficient Arabidopsis mutants were not protected after wounding.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- camalexin-deficient mutantse3
- Treatment
- woundinge3
- Compound
- camalexine3
- Outcome
- protectede3
- Direction
- not protectede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e3“The phytoalexin camalexin was found to be involved in this defence response as camalexin-deficient mutants were not protected after wounding”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding alone did not lead to camalexin production in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Wounding alonee4
- Compound
- camalexine4
- Outcome
- camalexin productione4
- Direction
- did not lead toe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e4“Wounding alone did not lead to camalexin production but primed its accumulation after inoculation with B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding primed camalexin accumulation in Arabidopsis after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- woundinge4
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae4pathogen
- Compound
- camalexine4
- Outcome
- accumulatione4
- Direction
- primede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e4“Wounding alone did not lead to camalexin production but primed its accumulation after inoculation with B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Camalexin biosynthesis genes were induced faster in wounded and infected Arabidopsis plants than in unwounded and infected plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- wounded and infected plantse5
- Gene
- genes involved in the biosynthesis of camalexine5
- Outcome
- genes involved in the biosynthesis of camalexine5
- Direction
- induced fastere5
- Comparator
- unwounded and infected plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e5“genes involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin were induced faster in wounded and infected plants in comparison with unwounded and infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione-synthesis-deficient Arabidopsis mutants were susceptible to Botrytis cinerea after wounding.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- mutants deficient in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetasee6
- Treatment
- woundinge6
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae6pathogen
- Gene
- gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetasee6
- Outcome
- susceptibility to B. cinereae6
- Direction
- showede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e6“mutants deficient in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase showed susceptibility to B. cinerea after wounding”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type basal glutathione levels appear to be required for wound-induced resistance in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Compound
- glutathionee7
- Outcome
- wound-induced resistancee7
- Qualifier
- wild-type basal levelse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e7“indicating that wild-type basal levels of glutathione are required for the wound-induced resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding primed expression of the glutathione-S-transferase 1 gene in Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- woundinge2
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Gene
- glutathione-S-transferase 1e2
- Outcome
- expressione2
- Direction
- primede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e2“expression of the gene encoding glutathione-S-transferase 1 was primed by wounding in leaves inoculated with B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming of MAP kinase activity was observed in wounded Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea compared with unwounded inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of wounded leaves with B. cinereae3
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae3pathogen
- Outcome
- MAP kinase activitye3
- Direction
- priminge3
- Comparator
- unwounded inoculated controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e3“priming of MAP kinase activity was observed after inoculation of wounded leaves with B. cinerea compared to unwounded inoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Abiotic stress induces immunity to virulent Botrytis cinerea strains through camalexin and glutathione.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- abiotic stresse4
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae4pathogen
- Compound
- camalexin and glutathionee4
- Outcome
- immunity to virulent strains of B. cinereae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, however, does not conform to this concept and leads to immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould”
e4“Our results demonstrate how abiotic stress can induce immunity to virulent strains of B. cinerea, a process that involves camalexin and glutathione”
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