Abstract
Near-isogenic lines of maize varying in their genes for flavonoid biosynthesis were utilized to examine the effects of foliar flavonoids and nutrient deficiency on maximum net photosynthetic rate (P N) and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plants with deficient (30 to 70 % lower N, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and sufficient nutrients were exposed to four irradiation regimes: (1) no UV-B with solar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), (2) two day shift to ambient artificial UV-B, 8.2-9.5 kJ m-2 d-1 (21-25 mmol m-2 d-1); (3) continuous ambient artificial UV-B; (4) continuous solar UV-B in Hawaii 12-18 kJ m-2 d-1 (32-47 mmol m-2 d-1). The natural ratio of UVB: PAR (0.25-0.40) was maintained in the UV-B treatments. In the adequately fertilized plants, lines b and lc had higher contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins than did lines hi27 and dta. UV-B induced the accumulation of foliar flavonoids in lines hi27 and b, but not in the low flavonoid line dta or in the high flavonoid line lc. In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30-40 and 40-50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively. The UV-B treatments did not significantly affect P N and Fv/Fm in plants grown on sufficient nutrients, except in the low flavonoid lines dta and hi27 in which P N and Fv/Fm decreased by ∼15 %. P N, Fv/Fm, and stomatal conductance decreased markedly (20-30 %) in all lines exposed to UV-B when grown on low nutrients. The decrease in Fv/Fm was 10 % less in higher flavonoid lines b and lc. The photosynthetic apparatus of maize readily tolerated ambient UV-B in the tropics when plants were adequately fertilized. In contrast, ambient UV-B combined with nutrient deficiency significantly reduced photosynthesis in this C4 plant. Nutrient deficiency increased the susceptibility of maize to UV-B-induced photoinhibition in part by decreasing the contents of photoprotective compounds.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In adequately fertilized plants, lines b and lc had higher flavonoid and anthocyanin contents than lines hi27 and dta.
- Material
- lines b and lce1
- Treatment
- adequately fertilized plantse1
- Outcome
- contents of flavonoids and anthocyaninse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- lines hi27 and dtae1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e1“In the adequately fertilized plants, lines b and lc had higher contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins than did lines hi27 and dta”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B induced accumulation of foliar flavonoids in maize lines hi27 and b.
- Material
- lines hi27 and be2
- Treatment
- UV-Be2
- Outcome
- accumulation of foliar flavonoidse2
- Direction
- inducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e2“UV-B induced the accumulation of foliar flavonoids in lines hi27 and b, but not in the low flavonoid line dta or in the high flavonoid line lc”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B did not induce accumulation of foliar flavonoids in the low flavonoid line dta or the high flavonoid line lc.
- Material
- low flavonoid line dtae2
- Treatment
- UV-Be2
- Outcome
- accumulation of foliar flavonoidse2
- Direction
- but note2
- Qualifier
- or in the high flavonoid line lce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e2“UV-B induced the accumulation of foliar flavonoids in lines hi27 and b, but not in the low flavonoid line dta or in the high flavonoid line lc”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency decreased foliar flavonoid contents by 30-40%.
- Treatment
- plants grown on deficiente3
- Outcome
- flavonoide3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 30-40e3
- Comparator
- adequate nutrientse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e3“In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30-40 and 40-50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency decreased foliar anthocyanin contents by 40-50%.
- Treatment
- plants grown on deficiente3
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contentse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 40-50 %e3
- Comparator
- adequate nutrientse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e3“In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30-40 and 40-50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency decreased Chl a content by 30%.
- Treatment
- plants grown on deficiente3
- Outcome
- Chl ae3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 30e3
- Comparator
- adequate nutrientse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e3“In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30-40 and 40-50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency decreased Chl b content by 70%.
- Treatment
- plants grown on deficiente3
- Outcome
- Chl be3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 70 %e3
- Comparator
- adequate nutrientse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e3“In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30-40 and 40-50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B did not significantly affect net photosynthesis or Fv/Fm in maize grown on sufficient nutrients.
- Treatment
- UV-B treatmentse4
- Outcome
- P N and Fv/Fme4
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte4
- Qualifier
- in plants grown on sufficient nutrientse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e4“The UV-B treatments did not significantly affect P N and Fv/Fm in plants grown on sufficient nutrients, except in the low flavonoid lines dta and hi27 in which P N and Fv/Fm decreased by ∼15 %”
Claim · model-written summary
In low flavonoid lines dta and hi27, UV-B decreased net photosynthesis and Fv/Fm by about 15% on sufficient nutrients.
- Material
- low flavonoid lines dta and hi27e4
- Treatment
- UV-B treatmentse4
- Outcome
- P N and Fv/Fme4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 15 %e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e4“The UV-B treatments did not significantly affect P N and Fv/Fm in plants grown on sufficient nutrients, except in the low flavonoid lines dta and hi27 in which P N and Fv/Fm decreased by ∼15 %”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B decreased net photosynthesis, Fv/Fm and stomatal conductance by 20-30% in all lines when grown on low nutrients.
- Treatment
- exposed to UV-Be5
- Outcome
- P N, Fv/Fm, and stomatal conductancee5
- Direction
- decreased markedlye5
- Value
- 20-30 %e5
- Qualifier
- when grown on low nutrientse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e5“P N, Fv/Fm, and stomatal conductance decreased markedly (20-30 %) in all lines exposed to UV-B when grown on low nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
The decrease in Fv/Fm was 10% less in the higher flavonoid lines b and lc.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e6“The decrease in Fv/Fm was 10 % less in higher flavonoid lines b and lc”
Claim · model-written summary
The photosynthetic apparatus of maize readily tolerated ambient UV-B in the tropics when plants were adequately fertilized.
- Treatment
- ambient UV-Be7
- Outcome
- photosynthetic apparatus of maize readily toleratede7
- Qualifier
- when plants were adequately fertilizede7
- Setting
- in the tropicse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e7“The photosynthetic apparatus of maize readily tolerated ambient UV-B in the tropics when plants were adequately fertilized”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient UV-B combined with nutrient deficiency significantly reduced photosynthesis in maize.
- Treatment
- ambient UV-B combined with nutrient deficiencye1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“near-isogenic maize lines”
e1“In contrast, ambient UV-B combined with nutrient deficiency significantly reduced photosynthesis in this C4 plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency increased the susceptibility of maize to UV-B-induced photoinhibition, in part by decreasing photoprotective compounds.
- Treatment
- Nutrient deficiencye1
- Compound
- photoprotective compoundse1
- Outcome
- susceptibility of maize to UV-B-induced photoinhibitione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nutrient deficiency increased the susceptibility of maize to UV-B-induced photoinhibition in part by decreasing the contents of photoprotective compounds”
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