Abstract
1. Experiments involving methods of application and various concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid, applied as pre-storage treatments to prolong dormancy and lessen deterioration of forest planting stock in unrefrigerated storage, were carried out on two hardwood and two pine species. Black locust and loblolly pine were treated with medium and relatively high concentrations of the chemical by three methods: exposure in a closed chamber to vaporized acid, to the acid dispersed in an aerosol mist, and by dipping the plants into lanolin emulsion in which the acid was dispersed. Eastern red oak and red pine were used in a test of eight different concentrations of the acid, applied only by the emulsiondip method. Following 5-10 weeks' storage, the stock was planted in the field for observations on survival and vigor of growth. 2. Response to the treatments varied widely by species, ranging from significant benefits to distinct injury. The pines were much more vulnerable to injury than the hardwoods. 3. Main effects evident upon removal of the stock from storage were as follows: (a) With black locust, shoot elongation in storage was inhibited by both medium and high concentrations of the acid in all methods of application. (b) With loblolly pine, shoot elongation was inhibited by the higher concentration of acid applied in vapor form. Effects of other methods and concentrations on shoot elongation were either insignificant or erratic. However, the percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous buds about a week after planting was increased by both levels of vapor treatment, by the lower level of acid in aerosol, and by aerosol alone, whereas the acid-emulsion treatments resulted in definitely lessened bud vigor. (c) With eastern red oak, shoot elongation was inhibited by all emulsions carrying 160 mg. or more of acid per liter. Concentrations of 80 mg. or less tended to hasten the break of dormancy slightly but did not result in any greater average shoot length than that displayed by untreated controls. (d) With red pine, shoots were not inhibited except as a corollary of injury. 4. Main effects evident after outplanting the stock in the field were: (a) With black locust survival was not affected by the chemical treatments, but vigor and survival of spindly shoots developed in storage generally were greater in treated seedlings than in controls. (b) With loblolly pine survival was generally improved by treatment with the acid in vapor form and at the lower concentration in aerosol, but only with the lower concentration of vapor was the increase statistically significant. Both acid-emulsion treatments were injurious, resulting in greater mortality than among controls and in retarded growth of survivors. However, the early indications of enhanced bud vigor in the vapor and aerosol series were not evident in greater height growth after planting. (c) With red oak survival was generally better for all levels of acid-emulsion treatment except the highest, which fell slightly below controls. For the 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg./l. concentrations of acid, the increase in survival was statistically significant. No differences in vigor due to chemical treatments were apparent. (d) With red pine survival was significantly less than for controls with all treatments except 20 mg./l. and lower concentrations of acid, which caused no marked reaction. 5. In general, all species exhibited significantly more growth and greater survival when planted after shorter (5-6 weeks) than after longer (8-10 weeks) periods of storage. For red oak, by exception, survival was not appreciably affected by storage period, though in vigor of growth this species concurred with the general trend. Even with the most effective treatments, dormancy was not adequately maintained over the longer periods, and some additional deterioration apart from breaking of dormancy apparently occurred. 6. These preliminary experiments indicate that, with additional experience and improvements in treatment techniques, naphthaleneacetic acid and probably other growth-regulator chemicals may have practical value for prolonging the period over which stock can be held in common storage without loss. Present results, however, offer no promise that growth-regulators can supplant refrigeration when storage for more than 1 or 2 months is required.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pines were more vulnerable to acid treatment injury than hardwoods.
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pines were much more vulnerable to injury than the hardwoods”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and high acid concentrations inhibited black locust shoot elongation in storage across all application methods.
- Taxon
- black locust
Robinia pseudoacaciae0 - Treatment
- medium and high concentrations of the acide0
- Outcome
- shoot elongation in storagee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With black locust, shoot elongation in storage was inhibited by both medium and high concentrations of the acid in all methods of application”
e1“naphthaleneacetic acid, applied as pre-storage treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentration acid vapor inhibited loblolly pine shoot elongation.
- Taxon
- loblolly pine
Pinus taedae0 - Treatment
- higher concentration of acid applied in vapor forme0
- Outcome
- shoot elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation was inhibited by the higher concentration of acid applied in vapor form”
Claim · model-written summary
Other acid methods and concentrations had insignificant or erratic effects on loblolly pine shoot elongation.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- other methods and concentrationse0
- Outcome
- shoot elongatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of other methods and concentrations on shoot elongation were either insignificant or erratic”
e1“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Loblolly pine vigorous bud frequency rose with both levels of acid vapor.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- both levels of vapor treatmente0
- Outcome
- percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous budse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous buds about a week after planting was increased by both levels of vapor treatment”
e1“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Loblolly pine vigorous bud frequency rose with low acid aerosol.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae2
- Treatment
- lower level of acid in aerosole0
- Outcome
- percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous budse1
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was increased by both levels of vapor treatment, by the lower level of acid in aerosol, and by aerosol alone”
e1“the percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous buds about a week after planting”
e2“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Loblolly pine vigorous bud frequency rose with aerosol alone.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae2
- Treatment
- aerosol alonee0
- Outcome
- percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous budse1
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was increased by both levels of vapor treatment, by the lower level of acid in aerosol, and by aerosol alone”
e1“the percentage of seedlings displaying apparently vigorous buds about a week after planting”
e2“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid emulsion lessened loblolly pine bud vigor.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- acid-emulsion treatmentse0
- Outcome
- bud vigore0
- Direction
- lessenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the acid-emulsion treatments resulted in definitely lessened bud vigor”
e1“With loblolly pine, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid emulsions of at least 160 mg per liter inhibited eastern red oak shoot elongation.
- Taxon
- eastern red oake0
- Treatment
- emulsions carrying 160 mg. or more of acid per litere0
- Outcome
- shoot elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“With eastern red oak, shoot elongation was inhibited by all emulsions carrying 160 mg. or more of acid per liter”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid concentrations of 80 mg or less slightly hastened eastern red oak dormancy break.
- Taxon
- eastern red oake1
- Treatment
- Concentrations of 80 mg. or lesse0
- Outcome
- break of dormancye0
- Direction
- hastene0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of 80 mg. or less tended to hasten the break of dormancy slightly”
e1“With eastern red oak, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Those lower concentrations did not give red oak greater average shoot length than untreated controls.
Verbatim
e0“did not result in any greater average shoot length than that displayed by untreated controls”
e1“Concentrations of 80 mg. or less”
e2“With eastern red oak, shoot elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Red pine shoots were inhibited only with injury.
- Taxon
- red pine
Pinus resinosae0 - Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- not inhibited except as a corollary of injurye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With red pine, shoots were not inhibited except as a corollary of injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust survival was unaffected by acid treatment.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Treatment
- chemical treatmentse0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With black locust survival was not affected by the chemical treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated black locust had greater vigor and survival of spindly shoots than controls.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae1
- Treatment
- treated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- vigor and survival of spindly shootse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vigor and survival of spindly shoots developed in storage generally were greater in treated seedlings than in controls”
e1“With black locust survival”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid vapor generally improved loblolly pine survival, with a significant increase only at the low vapor concentration.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- acid in vapor forme0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- only with the lower concentration of vapor was the increase statistically significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With loblolly pine survival was generally improved by treatment with the acid in vapor form and at the lower concentration in aerosol, but only with the lower concentration of vapor was the increase statistically significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Low concentration acid aerosol generally improved loblolly pine survival.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- lower concentration in aerosole0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With loblolly pine survival was generally improved by treatment with the acid in vapor form and at the lower concentration in aerosol”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid emulsion increased loblolly pine mortality and retarded survivor growth.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- acid-emulsion treatmentse0
- Outcome
- greater mortalitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both acid-emulsion treatments were injurious, resulting in greater mortality than among controls and in retarded growth of survivors”
e1“With loblolly pine survival”
Claim · model-written summary
Red oak survival improved at acid emulsion levels except the highest, with significant increases at 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/l.
- Taxon
- red oak
_(14092717698).jpg?width=60)
Quercus rubrae0 - Treatment
- 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg./l. concentrations of acide0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(14092717698).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“With red oak survival was generally better for all levels of acid-emulsion treatment except the highest, which fell slightly below controls. For the 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg./l. concentrations of acid, the increase in survival was statistically significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Red pine survival was significantly below controls after most acid treatments.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosae0
- Treatment
- all treatments except 20 mg./l. and lower concentrations of acide0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With red pine survival was significantly less than for controls with all treatments except 20 mg./l. and lower concentrations of acid, which caused no marked reaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter storage generally increased seedling growth and survival compared with longer storage.
Verbatim
e0“all species exhibited significantly more growth and greater survival when planted after shorter (5-6 weeks) than after longer (8-10 weeks) periods of storage”
The same questions in other papers
in vitro · growth · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.