Abstract
Phytohormones as well as temporal and spatial regulation of the cell cycle play a key role in plant development. Here, we investigated the function and regulation of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) A2-type cyclin in three distinct root developmental programs: in primary and secondary root development, nodule development, and nematode-elicited gall formation. Using transgenic plants carrying the Medsa;cycA2;2 promoter-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion, in combination with other techniques, cycA2;2 expression was localized in meristems and proliferating cells in the lateral root and nodule primordia. Rapid induction of cycA2;2 by Nod factors demonstrated that this gene is implicated in cell cycle activation of differentiated cells developing to nodule primordia. Surprisingly, cycA2;2 was repressed in the endoreduplicating, division-arrested cells both during nodule development and formation of giant cells in nematode-induced galls, indicating that CycA2;2 was dispensable for S-phase in endoreduplication cycles. Overexpression of cycA2;2 in transgenic plants corresponded to wild type protein levels and had no apparent phenotype. In contrast, antisense expression of cycA2;2 halted regeneration of somatic embryos, suggesting a role for CycA2;2 in the formation or activity of apical meristems. Expression of cycA2;2 was up-regulated by auxins, as expected from the presence of auxin response elements in the promoter. Moreover, auxin also affected the spatial expression pattern of this cyclin by shifting the cycA2;2 expression from the phloem to the xylem poles.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
cycA2;2 expression localized in lateral root and nodule primordium meristems and proliferating cells.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Medicago sativae1 - Organ / stage
- lateral root and nodule primordiae0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- expression was localized in meristems and proliferating cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cycA2;2 expression was localized in meristems and proliferating cells in the lateral root and nodule primordia.”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nod factors rapidly induced cycA2;2.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Nod factorse0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- cycA2;2e0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rapid induction of cycA2;2 by Nod factors”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
cycA2;2 was repressed in endoreduplicating division-arrested cells during nodule development.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- nodule developmente0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- cycA2;2 was repressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cycA2;2 was repressed in the endoreduplicating, division-arrested cells both during nodule development and formation of giant cells in nematode-induced galls”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
cycA2;2 was repressed in giant cells in nematode-induced galls.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- giant cellse0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- cycA2;2 was repressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cycA2;2 was repressed in the endoreduplicating, division-arrested cells both during nodule development and formation of giant cells in nematode-induced galls”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred CycA2;2 was dispensable for endoreduplication S phase.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Gene
- CycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- S-phase in endoreduplication cyclese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CycA2;2 was dispensable for S-phase in endoreduplication cycles.”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of cycA2;2 yielded wild type protein levels.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Overexpression of cycA2;2e0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- protein levelse0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of cycA2;2 in transgenic plants corresponded to wild type protein levels and had no apparent phenotype.”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of cycA2;2 produced no apparent phenotype.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Overexpression of cycA2;2e0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- no apparent phenotypee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of cycA2;2 in transgenic plants corresponded to wild type protein levels and had no apparent phenotype.”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense cycA2;2 halted somatic embryo regeneration.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- antisense expression of cycA2;2e0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- regeneration of somatic embryose0
- Direction
- haltede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antisense expression of cycA2;2 halted regeneration of somatic embryos”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxins upregulated cycA2;2 expression.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- auxinse0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- Expression of cycA2;2e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of cycA2;2 was up-regulated by auxins”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin shifted cycA2;2 expression from phloem to xylem poles.
- Taxon
- alfalfa (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- xylem polese0
- Treatment
- auxine0
- Gene
- cycA2;2e0
- Outcome
- cycA2;2 expressione0
- Comparator
- phloeme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin also affected the spatial expression pattern of this cyclin by shifting the cycA2;2 expression from the phloem to the xylem poles.”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
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