Abstract
Abstract In confirmation of an earlier conclusion that volatile esters are not the major natural promoters of superficial scald, it has been shown I mole of butyl acetate in 5000 moles of air gave no increase of scald but produced a marked taint. Vapours of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene and d ‐limonene, and n‐hexadecane and hexadec‐I‐ene applied to the surface in ethanol solution reduced scald at suitable concentrations. The last three produced scald‐like injury at higher concentrations. During storage in oiled wraps, cuticle oil and ursolic acid were transferred to the wraps and mineral oil to the apples. A more volatile minor fraction of the mineral oil contributed to the control of scald. Diphenylamine gave better control of scald than N ‐benzylaniline, dibenzylamine and dicyclohexylamine in decreasing order of effectiveness when used as dipping solutions in ethanol. Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1° but increased it at 20°, increased the production of less volatile esters of the lipid coating, and stabilised a pigment of the lipid coating. Quercetin reduced scald when applied to the fruit surface in ethanol solution, but cyanidin did not. The volatile‐agent theory of scald, the nature of the volatile agents, their means of escape, natural inhibitors and the mechanism of control by diphenylamine and oiled wraps are discussed.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Butyl acetate did not increase scald but caused marked taint.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- I mole of butyl acetate in 5000 moles of aire0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- no increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I mole of butyl acetate in 5000 moles of air gave no increase of scald but produced a marked taint.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Butyl acetate caused marked taint.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- I mole of butyl acetate in 5000 moles of aire0
- Outcome
- marked tainte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I mole of butyl acetate in 5000 moles of air gave no increase of scald but produced a marked taint.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, and d-limonene vapours reduced scald at suitable concentrations.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Vapours of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene and d ‐limonenee0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vapours of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene and d ‐limonene, and n‐hexadecane and hexadec‐I‐ene applied to the surface in ethanol solution reduced scald at suitable concentrations.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
N-hexadecane and hexadec-I-ene surface solutions reduced scald at suitable concentrations.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- n‐hexadecane and hexadec‐I‐ene applied to the surface in ethanol solutione0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vapours of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene and d ‐limonene, and n‐hexadecane and hexadec‐I‐ene applied to the surface in ethanol solution reduced scald at suitable concentrations.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The last three agents produced scald-like injury at higher concentrations.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- last threee0
- Outcome
- scald‐like injurye0
- Qualifier
- at higher concentrationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The last three produced scald‐like injury at higher concentrations.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Oiled wraps acquired cuticle oil and ursolic acid, while apples acquired mineral oil.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- cuticle oil and ursolic acid were transferred to the wraps and mineral oil to the applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During storage in oiled wraps, cuticle oil and ursolic acid were transferred to the wraps and mineral oil to the apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
A volatile minor mineral-oil fraction contributed to scald control.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- control of scalde0
- Qualifier
- more volatile minor fraction of the mineral oile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A more volatile minor fraction of the mineral oil contributed to the control of scald.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylamine controlled scald better than three comparator amines.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylaminee0
- Outcome
- control of scalde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- N ‐benzylaniline, dibenzylamine and dicyclohexylaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diphenylamine gave better control of scald than N ‐benzylaniline, dibenzylamine and dicyclohexylamine in decreasing order of effectiveness when used as dipping solutions in ethanol.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1°.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylaminee0
- Outcome
- volatile ester productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at 1°e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1° but increased it at 20°”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylamine increased volatile ester production at 20°.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylaminee0
- Outcome
- volatile ester productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- at 20°e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1° but increased it at 20°”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylamine increased production of less volatile lipid-coating esters.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylaminee1
- Outcome
- production of less volatile esters of the lipid coatinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the production of less volatile esters of the lipid coating”
t0“apples”
e1“Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1° but increased it at 20°”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylamine stabilized a lipid-coating pigment.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylaminee1
- Outcome
- pigment of the lipid coatinge0
- Direction
- stabilisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stabilised a pigment of the lipid coating”
t0“apples”
e1“Diphenylamine reduced volatile ester production at 1° but increased it at 20°”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin reduced scald when applied to fruit in ethanol.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Quercetine0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quercetin reduced scald when applied to the fruit surface in ethanol solution”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyanidin did not reduce scald.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- cyanidine0
- Outcome
- scalde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quercetin reduced scald when applied to the fruit surface in ethanol solution, but cyanidin did not.”
t0“apples”
The same questions in other papers
diphenylamine · control · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.