Abstract
Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(l-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] is commonly used in spring to suppress or selectively control perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG), which had been overseeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf the previous fall. Some turfgrass managers have observed either slow or unacceptable PRG control with pronamide, and this herbicide can move in water to severely injure cool-season turf grown adjacent to treated areas. The objectives of these field studies were to compare the safety and PRG control efficacy of diclofop [methyl (±)-2-[4[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate], chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-y1)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide], metsulfuron [2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2y1)amino]carbony] amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid], and pronamide applied to Midiron or Tufcote bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and Meyer zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud). In bemudagrass, diclofop (1.12 and 2.24 kg ha¯¹), chlorsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹), and metsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹) provided more rapid, and sometimes improved PRG control, when compared to pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹). None of the herbicides were phytotoxic to Midiron or Tufcote, and herbicide use was associated with a more rapid transition to a bermudagrass monostand. Chlorsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha¯¹) and metsulfuron (0.035, 0.070 or 0.140 kg ha¯¹) were either too phytotoxic or induced unacceptable levels of chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass. Diclofop effectively controlled PRG in a single application at rates ranging from 1.12 to 3.36 kg ha¯¹. These rates generally elicited an objectionable chlorosis in Meyer, which persisted for 2 to 3 weeks. A single spring or fall application of pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹) provided poor 'Palmer' + 'Prelude' PRG control, but caused only a slight amount of chlorosis in zoysiagrass.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop provided faster and sometimes better perennial ryegrass control than pronamide in bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Treatment
- diclofop (1.12 and 2.24 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Interactor
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee1weed - Outcome
- PRG controle0
- Direction
- more rapid, and sometimes improvede0
- Comparator
- pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In bemudagrass, diclofop (1.12 and 2.24 kg ha¯¹), chlorsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹), and metsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹) provided more rapid, and sometimes improved PRG control, when compared to pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)”
t0“Bermudagrass”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorsulfuron provided faster and sometimes better ryegrass control than pronamide in bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Interactor
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1weed
- Outcome
- PRG controle0
- Direction
- more rapid, and sometimes improvede0
- Comparator
- pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In bemudagrass, diclofop (1.12 and 2.24 kg ha¯¹), chlorsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹), and metsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹) provided more rapid, and sometimes improved PRG control, when compared to pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)”
t0“Bermudagrass”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron provided faster and sometimes better ryegrass control than pronamide in bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Interactor
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1weed
- Outcome
- PRG controle0
- Direction
- more rapid, and sometimes improvede0
- Comparator
- pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In bemudagrass, diclofop (1.12 and 2.24 kg ha¯¹), chlorsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹), and metsulfuron (0.07 and 0.14 kg ha¯¹) provided more rapid, and sometimes improved PRG control, when compared to pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)”
t0“Bermudagrass”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG)”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the herbicides injured Midiron or Tufcote bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midiron or Tufcotee0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- phytotoxice0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the herbicides were phytotoxic to Midiron or Tufcote”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide use accelerated transition to a bermudagrass monostand.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- herbicide usee0
- Outcome
- transition to a bermudagrass monostande0
- Direction
- more rapide0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“herbicide use was associated with a more rapid transition to a bermudagrass monostand”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorsulfuron caused excessive phytotoxicity or chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass.
- Material
- Meyere0
- Treatment
- Chlorsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic or induced unacceptable levels of chlorosise0
ZoysiaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha¯¹) and metsulfuron (0.035, 0.070 or 0.140 kg ha¯¹) were either too phytotoxic or induced unacceptable levels of chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron caused excessive phytotoxicity or chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass.
- Material
- Meyere0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron (0.035, 0.070 or 0.140 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic or induced unacceptable levels of chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha¯¹) and metsulfuron (0.035, 0.070 or 0.140 kg ha¯¹) were either too phytotoxic or induced unacceptable levels of chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
One diclofop application effectively controlled perennial ryegrass at 1.12 to 3.36 kg per hectare.
- Treatment
- Diclofope0
- Interactor
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1weed
- Outcome
- PRGe0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
- Value
- 1.12 to 3.36 kg ha¯¹e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diclofop effectively controlled PRG in a single application at rates ranging from 1.12 to 3.36 kg ha¯¹”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG)”
t0“Zoysiagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop at those rates caused objectionable chlorosis in Meyer zoysiagrass lasting two to three weeks.
- Material
- Meyere0
- Treatment
- Diclofope1
- Outcome
- objectionable chlorosise0
- Direction
- elicitede0
- Value
- 2 to 3 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These rates generally elicited an objectionable chlorosis in Meyer, which persisted for 2 to 3 weeks”
e1“Diclofop effectively controlled PRG in a single application at rates ranging from 1.12 to 3.36 kg ha¯¹”
t0“Zoysiagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
A single spring or fall pronamide application poorly controlled Palmer plus Prelude perennial ryegrass.
- Material
- 'Palmer' + 'Prelude'e0
- Treatment
- pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹)e0
- Interactor
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1weed
- Outcome
- PRG controle0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A single spring or fall application of pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹) provided poor 'Palmer' + 'Prelude' PRG control”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PRG)”
t0“Zoysiagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
A single spring or fall pronamide application caused slight zoysiagrass chlorosis.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A single spring or fall application of pronamide (1.12 kg ha¯¹) provided poor 'Palmer' + 'Prelude' PRG control, but caused only a slight amount of chlorosis in zoysiagrass”
The same questions in other papers
metsulfuron methyl · Lolium perenne · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
chlorsulfuron · Lolium perenne · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · organism · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →herbicide · crop injury · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.