Abstract
Effects of rice stubble and nitrogen (N) fertiliser management strategies on soil and 15N labelled fertiliser recovery by wheat were studied in 2 microplot experiments in the field. In 1 experiment, rice stubble which received 113 kg N ha-1 as 15N labelled (NH4)2SO4 was treated in 1 of 4 ways: (i) burnt, no till; (ii) incorporated 6 weeks before wheat sowing; (iii) incorporated at wheat sowing; or (iv) retained on the soil surface, no till. Burning, instead of incorporating rice stubble at wheat sowing, increased N uptake by wheat by 47% and the uptake of residual 15N applied to the previous rice crop from 1.2 to 2.1 kg N ha-1. Retaining rice stubble on the soil surface increased recovery of residual 15N to 2.5 kg ha-l. In a second experiment, 60 plots within a rice paddy were fertilised with 100 kg N ha-l while another 60 were not fertilised. Fertilised plots produced 21 t ha-l of stubble while unfertilised plots produced 11.5 t ha-1. The 2 stubble levels were factorially combined with 5 stubble management treatments - the 4 treatments mentioned above plus a burn with tillage treatment. 15NH415NO3 was applied at sowing, tillering, or as a 50: 50 split between sowing and tillering. Tillage, with or without stubble burning, reduced yield (by 0.7 t ha-l), and uptake of N from soil (by 12 kg N ha-1) and from fertiliser (by 10 kg N ha-1) compared with the no till treatments. Increasing quantities of rice stubble on plots where stubble was incorporated at wheat sowing significantly reduced wheat performance and increased the proportion of N derived from fertiliser. Delaying N application also increased the proportion of wheat N derived from fertiliser. In the intensive rotations reported in the study, management strategies with no till, and with or without stubble burning, increased wheat uptake of both soil and fertiliser N, and this maximised yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Burning stubble rather than incorporating it at sowing increased wheat nitrogen uptake by 47%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Burninge0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Comparator
- incorporating rice stubble at wheat sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burning, instead of incorporating rice stubble at wheat sowing, increased N uptake by wheat by 47%”
Claim · model-written summary
Burning stubble increased wheat uptake of residual labelled nitrogen from 1.2 to 2.1 kg N ha-1.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“uptake of residual 15N applied to the previous rice crop from 1.2 to 2.1 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface retention of rice stubble raised residual labelled nitrogen recovery to 2.5 kg ha-l.
- Treatment
- Retaining rice stubble on the soil surfacee0
- Outcome
- recovery of residual 15Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.5 kg ha-le0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Retaining rice stubble on the soil surface increased recovery of residual 15N to 2.5 kg ha-l”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized rice plots produced 21 t ha-l stubble versus 11.5 t ha-1 in unfertilized plots.
- Treatment
- Fertilised plotse0
- Outcome
- stubblee0
- Value
- 21 t ha-le0
- Qualifier
- 11.5 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- unfertilised plotse0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Fertilised plots produced 21 t ha-l of stubble while unfertilised plots produced 11.5 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage reduced wheat yield by 0.7 t ha-l relative to no till.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Tillage, with or without stubble burning, reduced yield (by 0.7 t ha-l), and uptake of N from soil (by 12 kg N ha-1) and from fertiliser (by 10 kg N ha-1) compared with the no till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage reduced wheat soil nitrogen uptake by 12 kg N ha-1.
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- uptake of N from soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12 kg N ha-1e0
- Comparator
- no till treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Tillage, with or without stubble burning, reduced yield (by 0.7 t ha-l), and uptake of N from soil (by 12 kg N ha-1) and from fertiliser (by 10 kg N ha-1) compared with the no till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage reduced wheat fertilizer nitrogen uptake by 10 kg N ha-1.
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- from fertilisere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10 kg N ha-1e0
- Comparator
- no till treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Tillage, with or without stubble burning, reduced yield (by 0.7 t ha-l), and uptake of N from soil (by 12 kg N ha-1) and from fertiliser (by 10 kg N ha-1) compared with the no till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
More stubble incorporated at sowing significantly reduced wheat performance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing quantities of rice stubblee0
- Outcome
- wheat performancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing quantities of rice stubble on plots where stubble was incorporated at wheat sowing significantly reduced wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
More stubble incorporated at sowing increased wheat nitrogen derived from fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing quantities of rice stubblee0
- Outcome
- proportion of N derived from fertilisere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing quantities of rice stubble on plots where stubble was incorporated at wheat sowing significantly reduced wheat performance and increased the proportion of N derived from fertiliser”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying nitrogen application increased wheat nitrogen derived from fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Delaying N applicatione0
- Outcome
- proportion of wheat N derived from fertilisere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delaying N application also increased the proportion of wheat N derived from fertiliser”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till strategies increased wheat uptake of soil and fertilizer nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no tille0
- Outcome
- uptake of both soil and fertiliser Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“management strategies with no till, and with or without stubble burning, increased wheat uptake of both soil and fertiliser N”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till strategies maximized wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no tille0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“management strategies with no till, and with or without stubble burning, increased wheat uptake of both soil and fertiliser N, and this maximised yield”
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