Abstract
Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario frequently exhibits elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various agronomic practices on FFA levels. Several field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990, and one experiment was conducted in 1987. FFA levels in the oil were higher in 1989 than in 1990. Two cultivars, Kristina and Global, were included in most experiments. The cultivar Kristina exhibited consistently lower FFA levels than the cultivar Global, averaging 42% less over years and treatments. Global averaged 1.31 and 0.62% FFA in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Decreasing seeding rates raised FFA levels in both cultivars in 1989 and in Global in 1990. Increasing rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer increased FFA in Global in 1989. The removal of drought stress by irrigation during seed filling decreased FFA in Global by 46% in 1989. A combination of high N, low seeding rates, and no irrigation increased FFA in both cultivars in 1990. Delays in planting date resulted in higher FFA in 1987. The effect of these agronomic practices on yield and seed oil concentration were also reported. Applications of potassium or boron fertilizers did not affect FFA, nor did weekly applications of the fungicide, benomyl, or dosing plants with elevated levels of atmospheric ozone. The problem of elevated FFA can be diminished by avoiding excessively high nitrogen fertilizer rates and low seeding rates and by selection of low-FFA cultivars. Key words: Canola, free fatty acids, irrigation, ozone, planting date, oil content
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
FFA levels in canola oil were higher in 1989 than in 1990
- Taxon
- Brassica napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse1 - Outcome
- FFA levelse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- in 1990e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“FFA levels in the oil were higher in 1989 than in 1990”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Kristina had consistently lower FFA levels than cultivar Global, averaging 42% less
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Kristinae2
- Outcome
- FFA levelse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 42%e2
- Comparator
- the cultivar Globale2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“The cultivar Kristina exhibited consistently lower FFA levels than the cultivar Global, averaging 42% less over years and treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Global averaged 1.31 and 0.62% FFA in 1989 and 1990
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Globale2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Value
- 1.31 and 0.62%e2
- Qualifier
- in 1989 and 1990, respectivelye2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Global averaged 1.31 and 0.62% FFA in 1989 and 1990, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing seeding rates raised FFA levels in both cultivars in 1989
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- both cultivarse2
- Treatment
- Decreasing seeding ratese2
- Outcome
- FFA levelse2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Qualifier
- in 1989e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Decreasing seeding rates raised FFA levels in both cultivars in 1989 and in Global in 1990”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing seeding rates raised FFA levels in Global in 1990
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Globale2
- Treatment
- Decreasing seeding ratese2
- Outcome
- FFA levelse2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Qualifier
- in 1990e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Decreasing seeding rates raised FFA levels in both cultivars in 1989 and in Global in 1990”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates increased FFA in Global in 1989
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Globale2
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizere2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- in 1989e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Increasing rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer increased FFA in Global in 1989”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing drought stress by irrigation during seed filling decreased FFA in Global by 46% in 1989
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Globale2
- Treatment
- removal of drought stress by irrigation during seed fillinge2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 46%e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“The removal of drought stress by irrigation during seed filling decreased FFA in Global by 46% in 1989”
Claim · model-written summary
A combination of high N, low seeding rates and no irrigation increased FFA in both cultivars in 1990
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- both cultivarse2
- Treatment
- A combination of high N, low seeding rates, and no irrigatione2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- in 1990e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“A combination of high N, low seeding rates, and no irrigation increased FFA in both cultivars in 1990”
Claim · model-written summary
Delays in planting date resulted in higher FFA in 1987
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- Delays in planting datee2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- in 1987e2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Delays in planting date resulted in higher FFA in 1987”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium or boron fertilizer applications did not affect FFA
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- potassium or boron fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- FFAe2
- Direction
- did not affecte2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“Applications of potassium or boron fertilizers did not affect FFA”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly benomyl applications did not affect FFA
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- weekly applications of the fungicide, benomyle2
- Outcome
- FFAe3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“nor did weekly applications of the fungicide, benomyl, or dosing plants with elevated levels of atmospheric ozone”
e3“Applications of potassium or boron fertilizers did not affect FFA”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated atmospheric ozone did not affect FFA
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- dosing plants with elevated levels of atmospheric ozonee2
- Outcome
- FFAe3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“nor did weekly applications of the fungicide, benomyl, or dosing plants with elevated levels of atmospheric ozone”
e3“Applications of potassium or boron fertilizers did not affect FFA”
Claim · model-written summary
Avoiding excessively high nitrogen fertilizer rates and low seeding rates can diminish the problem of elevated FFA
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- avoiding excessively high nitrogen fertilizer rates and low seeding ratese2
- Outcome
- elevated FFAe2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“The problem of elevated FFA can be diminished by avoiding excessively high nitrogen fertilizer rates and low seeding rates and by selection of low-FFA cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Selection of low-FFA cultivars can diminish the problem of elevated FFA
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- selection of low-FFA cultivarse2
- Outcome
- elevated FFAe2
- Setting
- Ontarioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spring canola (Brassica napus) seed grown in Ontario”
e2“The problem of elevated FFA can be diminished by avoiding excessively high nitrogen fertilizer rates and low seeding rates and by selection of low-FFA cultivars”
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See all 24 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.