Abstract
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of ramial chipped wood (RCW) and litter compost (LC) of Casuarina equisetifolia on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) growth and soil properties in Niayes, Senegal. The RCW and LC were applied to a sandy soil at 10, 20 and 40 t ha−1 and compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture. Soil and plant samples were taken at 45 days of tomato growth and at harvest time for analysis. Residual effects of the materials were evaluated by establishing a second tomato crop on the same plots. Application of RCW depressed tomato growth and yield during the first cropping and this was attributed to RCW inducing intense N immobilization in the soil due its wide C:N ratio. Improvements in growth and yield were observed during the second cropping and ascribed to improved nitrogen release following the extended incubation of the RCW in the soil. In order to derive short-term benefits from RCW application, it should be applied in combination with experimentally determined amounts of mineral fertilizers. Litter compost improved tomato growth and yield during both croppings owing to increased soil levels and tomato uptake of N, P and K following its incorporation in soil. This was attributed to the narrower C:N ratio of LC, which facilitated its decomposition in the soil. The residual effects of LC were, however, much less, suggesting that LC had limited residual nutrients value. Both RCW and LC increased the soil organic matter content and water holding capacity, and reduced the bulk density of the soil, suggesting that their regular application could result in the long-term improvement of its productivity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Application of ramial chipped wood (RCW) of Casuarina equisetifolia depressed tomato growth and yield during the first cropping.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Application of RCWe0
- Outcome
- tomato growth and yielde0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of RCW depressed tomato growth and yield during the first cropping”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The depression was attributed to RCW inducing intense N immobilization in the soil due to its wide C:N ratio.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- RCWe1
- Outcome
- N immobilization in the soile1
- Qualifier
- wide C:N ratioe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RCW inducing intense N immobilization in the soil due its wide C:N ratio”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato growth and yield improved during the second cropping on plots previously treated with RCW.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the RCWe2
- Outcome
- growth and yielde2
- Direction
- Improvementse2
- Qualifier
- second croppinge2
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Improvements in growth and yield were observed during the second cropping and ascribed to improved nitrogen release following the extended incubation of the RCW in the soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The second-cropping improvement was ascribed to improved nitrogen release following extended incubation of RCW in the soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the RCWe2
- Outcome
- improved nitrogen releasee2
- Qualifier
- extended incubation of the RCW in the soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Improvements in growth and yield were observed during the second cropping and ascribed to improved nitrogen release following the extended incubation of the RCW in the soil”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
To obtain short-term benefits, RCW should be applied together with experimentally determined amounts of mineral fertilizers.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- short-term benefitse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In order to derive short-term benefits from RCW application, it should be applied in combination with experimentally determined amounts of mineral fertilizers”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Litter compost (LC) improved tomato growth and yield during both croppings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Litter composte4
- Outcome
- tomato growth and yielde4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Litter compost improved tomato growth and yield during both croppings owing to increased soil levels and tomato uptake of N, P and K following its incorporation in soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC improvement was attributed to increased soil levels and tomato uptake of N, P and K after incorporation in soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Litter composte4
- Compound
- N, P and Ke4
- Outcome
- tomato growth and yielde4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Litter compost improved tomato growth and yield during both croppings owing to increased soil levels and tomato uptake of N, P and K following its incorporation in soil”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC effect was attributed to its narrower C:N ratio, which facilitated its decomposition in the soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LCe5
- Outcome
- decomposition in the soile5
- Qualifier
- narrower C:N ratioe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This was attributed to the narrower C:N ratio of LC, which facilitated its decomposition in the soil”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The residual effects of LC on the second tomato crop were much less than in the first, suggesting limited residual nutrient value.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- residual effects of LCe6
- Qualifier
- much lesse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The residual effects of LC were, however, much less, suggesting that LC had limited residual nutrients value”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
RCW increased soil organic matter content and water holding capacity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- RCWe7
- Outcome
- soil organic matter content and water holding capacitye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Both RCW and LC increased the soil organic matter content and water holding capacity, and reduced the bulk density of the soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
LC increased soil organic matter content and water holding capacity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LCe7
- Outcome
- soil organic matter content and water holding capacitye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Both RCW and LC increased the soil organic matter content and water holding capacity, and reduced the bulk density of the soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
RCW reduced the bulk density of the soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- RCWe7
- Outcome
- bulk density of the soile7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Both RCW and LC increased the soil organic matter content and water holding capacity, and reduced the bulk density of the soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
LC reduced the bulk density of the soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LCe7
- Outcome
- bulk density of the soile7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- control and recommended fertilizer mixturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Both RCW and LC increased the soil organic matter content and water holding capacity, and reduced the bulk density of the soil”
t0“Tomato”
e1“compared with a control and recommended fertilizer mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest regular application of RCW and LC could result in long-term improvement of soil productivity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- long-term improvement of its productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that their regular application could result in the long-term improvement of its productivity”
t0“Tomato”
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