Abstract
High temperature stress (HTS) on spring maize (Zea mays L.) during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain (NCP). Subsoiling (SS) and ridge tillage (R) were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling stage. The field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at Wuqiao County, Hebei Province, China. Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS, and increased by 20.4, 20.0, 5.4, and 14.2% under R, repectively. However, the treatments reduce the intercellular CO2 concentration under HTS. The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) by 11.9 and 6.2%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) by 24.3 and 14.3%, respectively, compared with RT. The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile, whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment. Compared with 2011, the number of days with temperatures ⩾33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012, whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5, 8.5 and 10.9%, the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5, 10.5 and 18.0%, the RWC reduced by 3.9, 5.6 and 6.2%, and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8, 5.2 and 13.1% in the SS, R and RT treatments, respectively. Both the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different levels. The yield, photosynthetic rate, plant water status, root length density, and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT treatment. The results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage, and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant water status, photosynthesis and grain filling. The study can provide a theoretical basis for improving yield of maize by adjusting soil tillage in the NCP.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased maize leaf net photosynthetic rate by 40.0% relative to rotary tillage.
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40.0e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased maize leaf stomatal conductance by 42.6%.
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.6e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased maize leaf transpiration rate by 12.8%.
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll relative content (SPAD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.7%e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize leaf net photosynthetic rate by 20.4% relative to rotary tillage.
- Treatment
- Re0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.4e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS, and increased by 20.4, 20.0, 5.4, and 14.2% under R, repectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize leaf stomatal conductance by 20.0%.
- Treatment
- Re0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.0e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS, and increased by 20.4, 20.0, 5.4, and 14.2% under R, repectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize leaf transpiration rate by 5.4%.
- Treatment
- Re0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.4e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS, and increased by 20.4, 20.0, 5.4, and 14.2% under R, repectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize leaf chlorophyll relative content by 14.2%.
- Treatment
- Re0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll relative content (SPAD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.2%e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillage (RT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with rotary tillage (RT), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of maize leaves was increased by 40.0, 42.6, 12.8, and 29.7% under SS, and increased by 20.4, 20.0, 5.4, and 14.2% under R, repectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments reduced intercellular CO2 concentration under high-temperature stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatments reduce the intercellular CO2 concentration under HTS.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased maize relative water content by 11.9%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) by 11.9 and 6.2%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) by 24.3 and 14.3%, respectively, compared with RT.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize relative water content by 6.2%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) by 11.9 and 6.2%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) by 24.3 and 14.3%, respectively, compared with RT.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased maize water use efficiency by 24.3%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) by 11.9 and 6.2%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) by 24.3 and 14.3%, respectively, compared with RT.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased maize water use efficiency by 14.3%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) by 11.9 and 6.2%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) by 24.3 and 14.3%, respectively, compared with RT.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling increased root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile versus rotary tillage.
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- root length density and soil moisturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0-80 cm soil profilee0
- Comparator
- RT treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile, whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile versus rotary tillage.
- Treatment
- Re0
- Outcome
- root length density and soil moisturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0-40 cm soil profilee0
- Comparator
- RT treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile, whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.”
e1“spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to 2011, maize yield in 2012 decreased by 2.5% under subsoiling.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared with 2011, the number of days with temperatures ⩾33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012, whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5, 8.5 and 10.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield decreased by 8.5% under ridge tillage and 10.9% under rotary tillage in the hotter comparison year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the plant yield decreased by 2.5, 8.5 and 10.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Net photosynthetic rate declined by 7.5%, 10.5% and 18.0% under subsoiling, ridge tillage and rotary tillage respectively in the hotter comparison year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5, 10.5 and 18.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content declined by 3.9%, 5.6% and 6.2% under subsoiling, ridge tillage and rotary tillage respectively.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the RWC reduced by 3.9, 5.6 and 6.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf water use efficiency declined by 1.8%, 5.2% and 13.1% under subsoiling, ridge tillage and rotary tillage respectively.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8, 5.2 and 13.1% in the SS, R and RT treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling and ridge tillage led to higher maize yield by improving soil moisture, root growth, plant water status, photosynthesis and grain filling.
- Treatment
- SS and Re0
- Outcome
- higher yielde0
- Qualifier
- directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant water status, photosynthesis and grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage, and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant water status, photosynthesis and grain filling.”
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