Abstract
Abstract Seeds of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) were sown alone or in fluid, or pre‐germinated in fluid on to the soil surface of slots cut in an old Agrostis/Festuca sward. Seeds were left uncovered or covered with a thin layer of soil and irrigated from the outset or after 14 days delay. With irrigation from the outset, seedlings established soonest from pre‐germinated seeds but final percentage establishment ranged only from 50 to 63% for the three states of seed. With delayed Irrigation, however, few pre‐germinated s1 survived and although germination of dry seed was delayed, final percentage establishment was unaffected. Soil covering increased establishment slightly. The number of leaves per seedling was greatest with pre‐germination and early irrigation and least with pre‐germination and delayed irrigation. Delayed irrigation also decreased the number of leaves per seedling for seedlings grown from dry seed. The effects of early irrigation persisted so that at 84 days it significantly increased total yield of clover from all three states of seed, on average threefold, but much more from pre‐germinated than from dry seed. Soil covering greatly increased yield, especially where irrigation had been applied from the outset. The interaction of early irrigation and soil covering was even more pronounced for stolon weights, and stolon growth of Individual seedlings appeared to benefit more from soil covering than from early irrigation. The results showed the importance of early seedling emergence, but no advantages of fluid sowing per se. They also indicated large overall beneficial effects of early irrigation and its additive interaction with soil covering.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
With irrigation from the outset, pre-germinated seed established soonest.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repenst0 - Treatment
- pre‐germinated seedse0
- Outcome
- seedlings establishede0
- Direction
- sooneste0
- Qualifier
- irrigation from the outsete0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation from the outset, seedlings established soonest from pre‐germinated seeds”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Final establishment under early irrigation ranged from 50 to 63% across three seed states.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- final percentage establishmente0
- Value
- 50 to 63%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final percentage establishment ranged only from 50 to 63% for the three states of seed”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
With delayed irrigation, few pre-germinated seedlings survived.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- delayed Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- pre‐germinated s1 survivede0
- Direction
- fewe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With delayed Irrigation, however, few pre‐germinated s1 survived”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed irrigation delayed germination of dry seed but left final percentage establishment unaffected.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- delayed Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- germination of dry seede0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although germination of dry seed was delayed, final percentage establishment was unaffected”
e1“With delayed Irrigation”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed irrigation left final percentage establishment of dry seed unaffected.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- delayed Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- final percentage establishmente0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although germination of dry seed was delayed, final percentage establishment was unaffected”
e1“With delayed Irrigation”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil cover slightly increased establishment.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Soil coveringe0
- Outcome
- establishmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil covering increased establishment slightly.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf number per seedling was greatest with pre-germination and early irrigation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- pre‐germination and early irrigatione0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per seedlinge0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- pre‐germination and delayed irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves per seedling was greatest with pre‐germination and early irrigation and least with pre‐germination and delayed irrigation.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf number per seedling was least with pre-germination and delayed irrigation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- pre‐germination and delayed irrigatione0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per seedlinge0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Comparator
- pre‐germination and early irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves per seedling was greatest with pre‐germination and early irrigation and least with pre‐germination and delayed irrigation.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed irrigation decreased leaf number per seedling from dry seed.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Delayed irrigatione0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per seedlinge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- dry seede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed irrigation also decreased the number of leaves per seedling for seedlings grown from dry seed.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Early irrigation significantly increased total clover yield at day 84 across three seed states, averaging threefold.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- early irrigatione1
- Outcome
- total yield of clovere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- threefolde0
- Qualifier
- at 84 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 84 days it significantly increased total yield of clover from all three states of seed, on average threefold”
e1“early irrigation persisted”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Early irrigation increased yield much more from pre-germinated than dry seed.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- pre‐germinatede0
- Outcome
- total yield of clovere1
- Direction
- much moree0
- Comparator
- dry seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“much more from pre‐germinated than from dry seed”
e1“increased total yield of clover”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil cover greatly increased clover yield, particularly with early irrigation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Soil coveringe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- especially where irrigation had been applied from the outsete0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil covering greatly increased yield, especially where irrigation had been applied from the outset.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The early irrigation–soil cover interaction was more pronounced for stolon weight.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- early irrigation and soil coveringe0
- Outcome
- stolon weightse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction of early irrigation and soil covering was even more pronounced for stolon weights”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual-seedling stolon growth appeared to benefit more from soil cover than from early irrigation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- soil coveringe0
- Outcome
- stolon growth of Individual seedlingse0
- Direction
- benefit moree0
- Qualifier
- appearede0
- Comparator
- early irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stolon growth of Individual seedlings appeared to benefit more from soil covering than from early irrigation”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluid sowing itself conferred no advantage.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- fluid sowinge0
- Outcome
- advantagese0
- Direction
- no advantagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no advantages of fluid sowing per se”
t0“white clover”
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