Abstract
Phytotoxicity of aluminium in acid soils is well known. At pH =6.3, aluminate [Al(OH)4–] is the principal hydroxo-aluminium species in soil solutions; however, its phytotoxicity has not received much attention. Sodic subsoils in Australia are generally alkaline and have pH above 9. During our survey of 8 subsoils in South Australia, we found aluminate ions at concentrations greater than 0.8 mg/L (29.7 µmol/L of aluminium) in soil solutions when pH was greater than 9, with corresponding high uptake of aluminium by wheat plants. We studied the phytotoxicity of aluminium to wheat plants in solution culture by maintaining the pH of alkaline solutions at 9.2. Relative root lengths of wheat plants, compared with those in reverse-osmosis deionised water, were significantly reduced in alkaline solutions and CO2-free air indicated toxicity of hydroxy, carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Further reduction of root lengths due to aluminate toxicity was also evident. Relative root lengths of wheat plants, when comparing between +aluminium and –aluminium treatments, were reduced up to 50% in alkaline solutions containing as low as 1 mg/L of aluminium. Aluminium accumulated mainly in the roots, thereby reducing their growth. In bicarbonate solutions, aluminium toxicity under alkaline pH was highly significant ( P <0.001). However, at the same level of added aluminium in carbonate solutions, relative root length was not reduced. This study concludes that when aluminium species are present at a concentration of about 1 mg/L in soil solutions with pH greater than 9, the growth of wheat plants could be significantly affected.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plants took up high aluminium where alkaline subsoil solutions contained over 0.8 mg/L aluminate.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume0 - Compound
- aluminate ionse0
- Outcome
- high uptake of aluminiume0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- greater than 0.8 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found aluminate ions at concentrations greater than 0.8 mg/L (29.7 µmol/L of aluminium) in soil solutions when pH was greater than 9, with corresponding high uptake of aluminium by wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline solutions and CO2-free air significantly reduced wheat relative root length against deionised water.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- alkaline solutions and CO2-free aire0
- Outcome
- Relative root lengthse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- reverse-osmosis deionised watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative root lengths of wheat plants, compared with those in reverse-osmosis deionised water, were significantly reduced in alkaline solutions and CO2-free air”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminate further reduced wheat root length in alkaline solutions.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- aluminatee0
- Outcome
- root lengthse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further reduction of root lengths due to aluminate toxicity was also evident”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At as little as 1 mg/L aluminium, alkaline solution reduced relative root lengths by up to 50% compared with no aluminium.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- +aluminiume0
- Outcome
- Relative root lengthse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 50%e0
- Qualifier
- as low as 1 mg/L of aluminiume0
- Comparator
- –aluminium treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative root lengths of wheat plants, when comparing between +aluminium and –aluminium treatments, were reduced up to 50% in alkaline solutions containing as low as 1 mg/L of aluminium”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium accumulated mainly in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Aluminium accumulatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminium accumulated mainly in the roots”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root aluminium accumulation reduced growth.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Compound
- Aluminiume0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminium accumulated mainly in the roots, thereby reducing their growth”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In bicarbonate solutions, alkaline aluminium toxicity was highly significant.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- aluminiume0
- Outcome
- aluminium toxicitye0
- Value
- P <0.001e0
- Qualifier
- bicarbonate solutionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In bicarbonate solutions, aluminium toxicity under alkaline pH was highly significant ( P <0.001)”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In carbonate solutions, added aluminium did not reduce relative root length.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- added aluminiume0
- Outcome
- relative root lengthe0
- Direction
- not reducede0
- Qualifier
- carbonate solutionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the same level of added aluminium in carbonate solutions, relative root length was not reduced”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
About 1 mg/L aluminium at pH above 9 could significantly affect wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- aluminium speciese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Value
- about 1 mg/Le0
- Qualifier
- pH greater than 9e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when aluminium species are present at a concentration of about 1 mg/L in soil solutions with pH greater than 9, the growth of wheat plants could be significantly affected”
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