Abstract
In the previous papers the auther reported that growth substances may be successfully used for delaying flowering of chrysanthemum. The present study deals with the effects of combined applica-tion of electric light and auxin on delaying flowering and on flower characters. In the light culture of chrysanthemum, the light effect for delaying flowering decreases with an increase in distance from the light source due to the reduction in light intensity. If the auxin supply complements the deficiency of light intensity, then its application would be an advantageous method to save the cost of electric equipment. The variety “December King”, which is popularly cultivated by delaying its flowering for winter sale in Japan was used in this study. “Yellow Boyce”, which is a mid-season autumn variety and is not suitable for delaying was added for compari-son with “December King”. The materials were propagated by cuttings on July 11, planted in 6 inch pots on Aug. 4, and pinched on Aug. 14. Three shoots were selected for every plant. Total materials were divided into three lots each containing 13 pots. In each lot, pots were arranged in a row which extended from under the lamp to 3.2 meters away, and were labelled with no. 1, 2, 3, ……13. These pots were placed in the green-house which was heated with an electric cable after early January. The intensity of illumination from the 80 W Mazda lamp decreased from 60 lux nearest for the lamp to 2 lux at a distance 3.2 meters away. The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control. The auxin was supplied at every three day intervals. The long day (17 hrs.) and auxin treatments were started on Aug. 25 and ended on Oct. 10. At the termination of both treatments slight inhibition of growth of plants of “December King” was seen in the lot with 50ppm of NAA and heavy inhibition in the lot with 100ppm of NAA. However, with “Yellow Boyce” heavy inhibition seen in both of the treated lots. In this variety was the treated plants did not differentiate flower buds and showed the rosette habit after the termina-tion of treatments. Budding date, flowering date, . height of plant, number of leaves and flower size, , etc. were recorded. The experimental results on “December King” are summarized as follows: (1) The budding dates of control plants were delayed according to the position in relation to the light source. In the control, the budding date in the 10th pot was Oct. 12, while in the first pot which was placed nearest for the lamp, it was Nov. 16. With 50ppm of NAA the date of budding was delayed 17 days in the 13th pot, and 5 days in the first pot in comparison with the 13 th and the first pot of control respectively. However, they were delayed at the same rate in all plants applied with 100ppm of NAA. (2) The date of flowering in the treated plants were delayed according to the delay in bud-ding compared with control, however, those of the first pot treated with 50ppm of NAA and control were the same. (3) In the control and 50ppm of NAA lots, it was observed that the earlier the flowering date the shorter is the stem length. After the termina-tion of auxin spray all inhibited plants recovered their growing power and elongated. (4) There is no difference in number of florets among the flowers which opened before the last of December, but the flowers opened after late January had slightly fewer florets. (5) The differences in stem length, flower size, number of florets and number of leaves be-tween the treated lots and control were not' re-markable. From these results, it may be conclud-ed that, the application of auxin for delaying chry-santhemum flowering is practical. However, it is important to select a variaty which grows vigorously.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
50 ppm NAA delayed budding of chrysanthemum December King by 17 days in the 13th pot and 5 days in the first pot compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemumt0 - Material
- December Kinge2
- Treatment
- 50ppm of NAAe1
- Outcome
- date of buddinge1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Value
- 17 dayse1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“With 50ppm of NAA the date of budding was delayed 17 days in the 13th pot, and 5 days in the first pot in comparison with the 13 th and the first pot of control respectively”
e2“The experimental results on “December King” are summarized as follows”
Claim · model-written summary
100 ppm NAA delayed budding of chrysanthemum at the same rate in all plants compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 100ppm of NAAe2
- Outcome
- date of buddinge1
- Direction
- delayede2
- Qualifier
- at the same ratee2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“With 50ppm of NAA the date of budding was delayed 17 days in the 13th pot, and 5 days in the first pot in comparison with the 13 th and the first pot of control respectively”
e2“they were delayed at the same rate in all plants applied with 100ppm of NAA”
e3“The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control”
Claim · model-written summary
The light effect for delaying chrysanthemum flowering decreases as distance from the light source increases, due to reduced light intensity.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- distance from the light sourcee1
- Outcome
- light effect for delaying floweringe1
- Direction
- decreasese1
- Qualifier
- due to the reduction in light intensitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“the light effect for delaying flowering decreases with an increase in distance from the light source due to the reduction in light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
50 ppm NAA gave a slight inhibition of growth of December King chrysanthemum plants compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- December Kinge1
- Treatment
- 50ppm of NAAe1
- Outcome
- growth of plantse1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- slight inhibitione1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“slight inhibition of growth of plants of “December King” was seen in the lot with 50ppm of NAA”
e2“The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control”
Claim · model-written summary
100 ppm NAA gave a heavy inhibition in the lot compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 100ppm of NAAe1
- Outcome
- heavy inhibitione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“heavy inhibition in the lot with 100ppm of NAA”
e2“The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control”
Claim · model-written summary
In Yellow Boyce chrysanthemum both NAA-treated lots showed heavy inhibition compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Yellow Boycee1
- Treatment
- NAAe2
- Outcome
- heavy inhibitione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“with “Yellow Boyce” heavy inhibition seen in both of the treated lots”
e2“The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control”
Claim · model-written summary
In Yellow Boyce chrysanthemum the NAA-treated plants did not differentiate flower buds and showed a rosette habit compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Yellow Boycee1
- Treatment
- NAAe3
- Outcome
- differentiate flower budse2
- Qualifier
- showed the rosette habite2
- Comparator
- controle3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“with “Yellow Boyce” heavy inhibition seen in both of the treated lots”
e2“the treated plants did not differentiate flower buds and showed the rosette habit”
e3“The first lot was applied with 50ppm of NAA, the second lot with 100ppm of NAA, and third lot was control”
Claim · model-written summary
In control plants the budding dates were later for pots farther from the light source, with the 10th pot budding on Oct. 12 and the first pot on Nov. 16.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- position in relation to the light sourcee1
- Outcome
- budding datese1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Qualifier
- the budding date in the 10th pot was Oct. 12e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“The budding dates of control plants were delayed according to the position in relation to the light source”
e2“In the control, the budding date in the 10th pot was Oct. 12”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin-treated chrysanthemum plants had delayed flowering dates compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- auxine2
- Outcome
- date of floweringe1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“The date of flowering in the treated plants were delayed according to the delay in bud-ding compared with control”
e2“combined applica-tion of electric light and auxin on delaying flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The first-pot plants treated with 50 ppm NAA flowered on the same date as control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 50ppm of NAAe2
- Outcome
- date of floweringe1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“The date of flowering in the treated plants were delayed according to the delay in bud-ding compared with control”
e2“those of the first pot treated with 50ppm of NAA and control were the same”
Claim · model-written summary
In control and 50 ppm NAA lots, earlier flowering was associated with shorter stems.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Outcome
- stem lengthe1
- Direction
- shortere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“it was observed that the earlier the flowering date the shorter is the stem length”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers opened before the last of December had no difference in number of florets.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- number of floretse1
- Qualifier
- flowers which opened before the last of Decembere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“There is no difference in number of florets among the flowers which opened before the last of December”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers opened after late January had slightly fewer florets.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- floretse1
- Direction
- fewere1
- Qualifier
- opened after late Januarye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“the flowers opened after late January had slightly fewer florets”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin treatment did not notably change stem length, flower size or number of florets compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- auxine2
- Outcome
- stem length, flower size, number of floretse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“The differences in stem length, flower size, number of florets and number of leaves be-tween the treated lots and control”
e2“combined applica-tion of electric light and auxin on delaying flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin treatment did not notably change number of leaves compared with control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- auxine2
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“The differences in stem length, flower size, number of florets and number of leaves be-tween the treated lots and control”
e2“combined applica-tion of electric light and auxin on delaying flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend auxin application for delaying chrysanthemum flowering as practical, and selecting a vigorous variety.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- delaying chry-santhemum floweringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chrysanthemum flower”
e1“the application of auxin for delaying chry-santhemum flowering is practical”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.