Abstract
Abstract Foliar wilting, epinasty, abscission, chlorosis, and necrosis are common symptoms in plants affected by water and salinity stresses. Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation frequently accompany the expression of the symptoms of stresses from various origins. These symptoms and physiological phenomena have been associated with other environmental stresses, such as ammonium toxicity. Intact and excised tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Heinz 1350’ and neglecta‐1) were subjected to stresses of waterlogging, water‐deficit, or saline conditions (NaCl or CaCl2). In soil culture in the greenhouse, tomato plants subjected to waterlogging developed epinasty and chlorosis and had increased ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation. The application of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) ameliorated the symptoms and reduced ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation. Tomato subjected to drought developed chlorosis and had enhanced ammonium accumulation, but no increased ethylene evolution was observed. The chlorotic and necrotic symptoms were observed for plants receiving NaCl or CaCl2. Application of ammonium nutrition or water stress aggravated the development of toxic symptoms. Ammonium accumulation and ethylene evolution were enhanced with intact plants or excised seedlings under these stresses. Application of AOA through stems of excised seedlings suppressed the enhancement. ‘Heinz 1350’ receiving CaCl2 accumulated more Ca++ and had higher ethylene evolution than those receiving NaCl or the neglecta‐1 receiving CaCl2. Neglecta‐1 accumulated more Na+ with the NaCl treatment and had higher ethylene evolution than ‘Heinz 1350’. The results indicate that environmental stresses stimulate ammonium accumulation and initiate ethylene evolution, which may function in development of stress induced symptoms.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging caused epinasty and chlorosis in greenhouse tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- epinasty and chlorosise0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil culture in the greenhouse, tomato plants subjected to waterlogging developed epinasty and chlorosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants subjected to waterlogging developed epinasty and chlorosis and had increased ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA ameliorated symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aminooxyacetic acid (AOA)e0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) ameliorated the symptoms”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA reduced ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aminooxyacetic acid (AOA)e0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) ameliorated the symptoms and reduced ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought caused chlorosis.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato subjected to drought developed chlorosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought enhanced ammonium accumulation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- ammonium accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato subjected to drought developed chlorosis and had enhanced ammonium accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought did not increase ethylene evolution.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- no increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato subjected to drought developed chlorosis and had enhanced ammonium accumulation, but no increased ethylene evolution was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl caused chlorotic and necrotic symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- chlorotic and necrotic symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorotic and necrotic symptoms were observed for plants receiving NaCl or CaCl2.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 caused chlorotic and necrotic symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- chlorotic and necrotic symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorotic and necrotic symptoms were observed for plants receiving NaCl or CaCl2.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition aggravated toxic symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ammonium nutritione0
- Outcome
- toxic symptomse0
- Direction
- aggravatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of ammonium nutrition or water stress aggravated the development of toxic symptoms.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress aggravated toxic symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- toxic symptomse0
- Direction
- aggravatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of ammonium nutrition or water stress aggravated the development of toxic symptoms.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
These stresses enhanced ammonium accumulation and ethylene evolution.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- intact plants or excised seedlingse0
- Treatment
- these stressese0
- Outcome
- Ammonium accumulation and ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium accumulation and ethylene evolution were enhanced with intact plants or excised seedlings under these stresses.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-applied AOA suppressed the enhancement in excised seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- excised seedlingse0
- Treatment
- AOAe0
- Outcome
- enhancemente0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of AOA through stems of excised seedlings suppressed the enhancement.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heinz 1350 receiving CaCl2 accumulated more Ca++ than comparator groups.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Heinz 1350e0
- Treatment
- CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- Ca++e0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- those receiving NaCl or the neglecta‐1 receiving CaCl2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Heinz 1350’ receiving CaCl2 accumulated more Ca++ and had higher ethylene evolution than those receiving NaCl or the neglecta‐1 receiving CaCl2.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heinz 1350 receiving CaCl2 had higher ethylene evolution than comparator groups.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Heinz 1350e0
- Treatment
- CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- those receiving NaCl or the neglecta‐1 receiving CaCl2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Heinz 1350’ receiving CaCl2 accumulated more Ca++ and had higher ethylene evolution than those receiving NaCl or the neglecta‐1 receiving CaCl2.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Neglecta-1 accumulated more Na+ with NaCl than Heinz 1350.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Neglecta‐1e0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- Na+e0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Heinz 1350e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neglecta‐1 accumulated more Na+ with the NaCl treatment and had higher ethylene evolution than ‘Heinz 1350’.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Neglecta-1 had higher ethylene evolution than Heinz 1350 with NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Neglecta‐1e0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Heinz 1350e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neglecta‐1 accumulated more Na+ with the NaCl treatment and had higher ethylene evolution than ‘Heinz 1350’.”
t0“tomato plants”
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See all 35 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.