Abstract
Abstract The effects of aluminum (Al) toxicity on growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66, were studied under varying conditions of solution electrical conductivity (EC). In solutions containing only 400 μM CaCl2 (low EC) with daily nutrient additions (0.20 g nutrient g plant−1 day−1), severe Al toxicity was observed at 20 μM Al. In more conventional nutrient solutions containing 3600 μM N and all other essential nutrients in optimal proportions (high EC), more than 200 μM Al was required to reduce plant mass production below 50% of control. Solution pH increased in both high and low EC solutions as a result of plant growth, but the effect was counteracted by Al toxicity. In low EC solutions (with daily nutrient additions), EC remained stable with time in the treatments without Al, reflecting a balance between the relative addition rate (RAR) of nutrients and the relative growth rate (RGR) of plants. In the presence of Al, solution EC increased as Al toxicity reduced the RGR of plants below the RAR. In high EC solutions, EC values decreased with time in all treatments as plant growth depleted fixed nutrient stocks. The extent of decline in EC was proportional to plant growth over the experimental period. The results of this study demonstrate that Al is more toxic when solution EC is maintained at low levels using the relative addition rate (RAR) technique. In contrast to high EC treatments, low EC treatments provided a growth response that was more consistent with those observed under field conditions. Use of the RAR technique and low EC conditions should be considered in future experiments.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In low EC solutions with daily nutrient additions, severe Al toxicity was observed at 20 μM Al.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivume2 - Outcome
- Al toxicitye1
- Value
- 20 μM Ale1
- Qualifier
- low ECe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“In solutions containing only 400 μM CaCl2 (low EC) with daily nutrient additions (0.20 g nutrient g plant−1 day−1), severe Al toxicity was observed at 20 μM Al”
Claim · model-written summary
In high EC solutions, more than 200 μM Al was required to reduce wheat plant mass production below 50% of control.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 200 μM Ale1
- Outcome
- plant mass productione1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Value
- below 50%e1
- Qualifier
- high ECe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“In more conventional nutrient solutions containing 3600 μM N and all other essential nutrients in optimal proportions (high EC), more than 200 μM Al was required to reduce plant mass production below 50% of control”
Claim · model-written summary
Solution pH increased in both high and low EC solutions as a result of plant growth, but the effect was counteracted by Al toxicity.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- Solution pHe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- as a result of plant growth, but the effect was counteracted by Al toxicitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“Solution pH increased in both high and low EC solutions as a result of plant growth, but the effect was counteracted by Al toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
In low EC solutions without Al, solution EC remained stable over time.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- ECe1
- Direction
- remained stablee1
- Qualifier
- in the treatments without Ale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“EC remained stable with time in the treatments without Al”
Claim · model-written summary
In the presence of Al, solution EC increased because Al toxicity reduced the growth rate of plants below the nutrient addition rate.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- presence of Ale1
- Outcome
- solution ECe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“In the presence of Al, solution EC increased as Al toxicity reduced the RGR of plants below the RAR”
Claim · model-written summary
In high EC solutions, EC values decreased over time in all treatments as plant growth depleted fixed nutrient stocks.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- EC valuese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- as plant growth depleted fixed nutrient stockse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“In high EC solutions, EC values decreased with time in all treatments as plant growth depleted fixed nutrient stocks”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in EC was proportional to plant growth over the experimental period.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- plant growthe1
- Outcome
- extent of decline in ECe1
- Direction
- proportionale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth of Triticum aestivum, cv. Atlas 66”
e1“The extent of decline in EC was proportional to plant growth over the experimental period”
Claim · model-written summary
Al is more toxic to wheat when solution EC is maintained at low levels using the relative addition rate technique.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maintained at low levels using the relative addition rate (RAR) techniquee1
- Outcome
- toxice1
- Direction
- moree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Plants”
e1“The results of this study demonstrate that Al is more toxic when solution EC is maintained at low levels using the relative addition rate (RAR) technique”
Claim · model-written summary
Low EC treatments gave a wheat growth response more consistent with field conditions than high EC treatments.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low EC treatmentse1
- Outcome
- growth responsee1
- Direction
- more consistent with those observed under field conditionse1
- Comparator
- high EC treatmentse1
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Plants”
e1“In contrast to high EC treatments, low EC treatments provided a growth response that was more consistent with those observed under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The RAR technique and low EC conditions should be considered in future wheat experiments.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Use of the RAR technique and low EC conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Plants”
e1“Use of the RAR technique and low EC conditions should be considered in future experiments”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.