Abstract
High temperature influences plant development and can reduce crop yields. We examined how ambient temperature influences reproductive development in the temperate cereals wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). High temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days, but inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days. Activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-length-insensitive alleles of the PHOTOPERIOD1 gene, which result in high FLOWERING LOCUS T-like1 transcript levels, did not allow rapid early reproductive development at high temperature in short days. Furthermore, high temperature did not increase transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes. These data suggest that genes or pathways other than the long-day response pathway mediate developmental responses to high temperature in cereals. Transcriptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental response to high temperature. The MADS-box floral repressor HvODDSOC2 is expressed at elevated levels at high temperature in short days, and might contribute to the inhibition of early reproductive development under these conditions. FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-like, RNase-S-like genes, and VER2-like genes were also identified as candidates for high-temperature-responsive developmental regulators. Overall, these data suggest that rising temperatures might elicit different developmental responses in cereal crops at different latitudes or times of year, due to the interaction between temperature and day length. Additionally, we suggest that different developmental regulators might mediate the response to high temperature in cereals compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature accelerated reproductive development under long days.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- High temperaturee0
- Outcome
- reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- rapid progressione0
- Qualifier
- long dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature inhibited early reproductive development under short days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- High temperaturee1
- Outcome
- early stages of reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- short dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days”
e1“High temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Day-length-insensitive PHOTOPERIOD1 alleles did not enable rapid early development under high temperature and short days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- day-length-insensitive allelese0
- Gene
- PHOTOPERIOD1e0
- Outcome
- rapid early reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- did not allowe0
- Qualifier
- high temperature in short dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-length-insensitive alleles of the PHOTOPERIOD1 gene, which result in high FLOWERING LOCUS T-like1 transcript levels, did not allow rapid early reproductive development at high temperature in short days.”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature did not increase FLOWERING LOCUS T-like transcript levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Gene
- FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genese0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high temperature did not increase transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes.”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analyses implicated vernalization-responsive genes in the high-temperature developmental response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Gene
- vernalization-responsive genese0
- Outcome
- developmental response to high temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental response to high temperature.”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvODDSOC2 expression was elevated at high temperature under short days.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Gene
- HvODDSOC2e0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- short dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The MADS-box floral repressor HvODDSOC2 is expressed at elevated levels at high temperature in short days”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-like, RNase-S-like and VER2-like genes were identified as candidate temperature-responsive developmental regulators.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Gene
- FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-likee0
- Outcome
- high-temperature-responsive developmental regulatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-like, RNase-S-like genes, and VER2-like genes were also identified as candidates for high-temperature-responsive developmental regulators.”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
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