Abstract
► Our study finds a new use for calcium phosphide, which may be possible to extend the product's life cycle. ► Our results provide some practical information for evaluating application prospects of calcium phosphide in China. ► Our study adds significant information from trials in China, thus providing literature that is lacking from this country. Calcium phosphide (Ca 3 P 2 ) is a widely used fumigant due to its ability to kill a broad spectrum of stored-grain insect pests and its easy penetration into the commodity while leaving minimal residues. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Ca 3 P 2 as a potential methyl bromide (MeBr) alternative in tomato crops in China. Five treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design: application with MeBr (400 kg ha −1 ), three Ca 3 P 2 rates (37.5, 75.0 and 112.5 kg ha −1 ), an avermectin rate (7.5 L ha −1 ), and an untreated control. Our results consistently indicated that MeBr was generally superior to the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield. In both of the field trials, Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1 was as effective as MeBr in increasing plant height, plant yield and in maintaining excellent M. incognita control efficacy. The present data support the conclusion that Ca 3 P 2 is a promising MeBr alternative for managing M. incognita in tomato crops and can be used in integrated pest management programs.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl bromide generally outperformed calcium phosphide, avermectin and untreated control for tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- MeBre0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“MeBr was generally superior to the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl bromide generally outperformed calcium phosphide and avermectin for inhibition of M. incognita infestation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeBre0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pest - Outcome
- Meloidogyne incognita infestatione0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Comparator
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“MeBr was generally superior to the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl bromide generally outperformed calcium phosphide and avermectin for tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeBre0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“MeBr was generally superior to the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide and avermectin were generally superior to untreated control for tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide and avermectin were generally superior to untreated control for nematode infestation control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- Meloidogyne incognita infestatione0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide and avermectin were generally superior to untreated control for tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectine0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“the treatments including Ca 3 P 2 and avermectin, which in turn were superior to the control, for increasing plant growth, inhibiting Meloidogyne incognita infestation and improving plant yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide at 112.5 kg ha −1 matched methyl bromide for tomato height in both field trials.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- both of the field trialse0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“In both of the field trials, Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1 was as effective as MeBr in increasing plant height, plant yield and in maintaining excellent M. incognita control efficacy”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide at 112.5 kg ha −1 matched methyl bromide for tomato yield in both field trials.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- both of the field trialse0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“In both of the field trials, Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1 was as effective as MeBr in increasing plant height, plant yield and in maintaining excellent M. incognita control efficacy”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium phosphide at 112.5 kg ha −1 matched methyl bromide for M. incognita control in both field trials.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- M. incognita control efficacye0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Qualifier
- both of the field trialse0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“In both of the field trials, Ca 3 P 2 at a rate of 112.5 kg ha −1 was as effective as MeBr in increasing plant height, plant yield and in maintaining excellent M. incognita control efficacy”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude calcium phosphide is a promising methyl bromide alternative for managing M. incognita in tomato crops and integrated pest management.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- promising MeBr alternative for managing M. incognita in tomato cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca 3 P 2 is a promising MeBr alternative for managing M. incognita in tomato crops and can be used in integrated pest management programs”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
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See all 60 papers →calcium atom · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
66 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
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See all 79 papers →bromomethane · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
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bromomethane · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 11 papers →bromomethane · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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avermectin · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
calcium atom · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
avermectin · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.