Abstract
Responses of barley seedlings to water deficit (WD) induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and ultraviolet (UV-B; 280–320 nm) radiation and their interaction (UV-B + WD) were examined. A decrease in dry matter yield and water content of leaves and roots was observed following application of WD and UV-B + WD, while no changes were found after treating barley plants with UV-B. Proline content was increased in leaves under WD conditions and UV-B + WD. In contrast, UV-B treatment had no effect on the accumulation of proline in leaves of barley plants. Changes in root proline content showed a varied response: WD induced an increase in the level of this amino acid, while UV-B as well as UV-B + WD suppressed root proline content. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in leaves under WD and UV-B + WD stresses. Root MDA content increased in WD-stressed plants, but it decreased in the case of combined application of both stresses. The applied stress factors operated in a variable manner on phenylpropanoid metabolism. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in leaves and roots was stimulated after exposure to WD and application of UV-B + WD stresses, while UV-B stress did not affect its activity. On the other hand, UV-B treatment enhanced the activity of 4:coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) in leaves and this enhancement was positively correlated with the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols. However, the combined application of WD and UV-B reduced the positive effect of UV-B on the accumulation of these compounds and the activity of 4CL. Surprisingly, anthocyanins and flavonols were not detected in roots of examined barley seedlings despite increased 4CL activity. The results suggest that UV-B-induced activation of 4CL as well as accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonols in leaves is beneficial for the response to this stress factor. On the other hand, WD-induced reduction of the effect of UV-B on 4CL activity and the contents of anthocyanin and flavonol might be a cause of membrane damage in UV-B- and WD-stressed plants. In addition, conversely to what could be expected, the UV-B effect was perceived by the water-stressed roots, which exhibited reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA) and proline accumulation in WD-stressed plants exposed to UV-B.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and combined UV-B and water deficit reduced dry matter yield and leaf and root water content.
- Treatment
- WD and UV-B + WDe0
- Outcome
- dry matter yield and water content of leaves and rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“A decrease in dry matter yield and water content of leaves and roots was observed following application of WD and UV-B + WD”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B alone did not change dry matter yield or leaf and root water content.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- UV-Be0
- Outcome
- no changese0
- Direction
- no changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“while no changes were found after treating barley plants with UV-B”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and combined stress increased leaf proline.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- WD conditions and UV-B + WDe0
- Outcome
- Proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Proline content was increased in leaves under WD conditions and UV-B + WD”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B alone had no effect on leaf proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- UV-B treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of prolinee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UV-B treatment had no effect on the accumulation of proline in leaves of barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit increased root proline.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“WD induced an increase in the level of this amino acid”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B and combined stress suppressed root proline.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“UV-B as well as UV-B + WD suppressed root proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and combined stress increased leaf MDA.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- WD and UV-B + WD stressese0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in leaves under WD and UV-B + WD stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit increased root MDA.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Root MDA content increased in WD-stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased root MDA.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“but it decreased in the case of combined application of both stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and combined stress stimulated leaf and root PAL activity.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- WD and application of UV-B + WD stressese0
- Outcome
- Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in leaves and roots was stimulated after exposure to WD and application of UV-B + WD stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B did not affect PAL activity.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“UV-B stress did not affect its activity”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B enhanced leaf 4CL activity.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- UV-B treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of 4:coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“UV-B treatment enhanced the activity of 4:coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf 4CL enhancement was positively correlated with anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation.
- Outcome
- accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonolse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- this enhancemente0
Not reportedTaxonGene
Verbatim
e0“this enhancement was positively correlated with the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined water deficit and UV-B reduced the UV-B effect on anthocyanins, flavonols, and 4CL activity.
- Treatment
- combined application of WD and UV-Be0
- Outcome
- accumulation of these compounds and the activity of 4CLe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- UV-Be0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“combined application of WD and UV-B reduced the positive effect of UV-B on the accumulation of these compounds and the activity of 4CL”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins and flavonols were undetected in roots despite increased 4CL activity.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanins and flavonols were not detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanins and flavonols were not detected in roots of examined barley seedlings despite increased 4CL activity”
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