Abstract
Soapberry (Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk.,) plants are widely grown as shade trees in the subtropical to tropical regions of China. In July 2011, large, aerial galls were observed on the above-ground trunks of 5-year-old soapberry plants in two commercial nursery gardens located in Zhejiang Province. Disease incidence was estimated to be 75%. The galls varied in weight from 2 to 24 g and in texture from soft and spongy to hard, and in some cases, the galls completely girdled the trunk. The trees with galls exhibited poor growth compared with healthy trees. Isolations from the grinded and macerated galls yielded nearly pure white, circular, and glistening bacterial colonies on Roy Sauer medium (2). Six random colonies from different galls were selected for bacterial identification, and showed the same morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters and 16S rDNA sequences. All six isolates (isolate SD01 to SD06) were gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Carbon source utilization testing with the Biolog GN Bacterial Identification System (version 3.50) confirmed the bacteria as Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a similarity of 0.90. The most-parsimonious tree from the maximum parsimony analysis (PHYLIP package, version 3.68, 500 replicates) of bacterial 16S rDNA gene sequences showed that A. tumefaciens SD01 (GenBank Accession No. JX997939) clustered phylogenetically most closely (99.5% similarity) with A. tumefaciens C58 (AE007870.2). Pathogenicity was confirmed by injecting 3- to 5-week old tomato and sunflower plants and 2-year-old soapberry with approximately 5 μl of the bacterial suspension (10 8 CFU/ml) in sterile, distilled water. Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control. Ten plants of each treatment were inoculated. Inoculated plants were then transferred to a greenhouse at 25°C. Typical tumors developed at the inoculation sites on tomatoes and sunflower plants 3 weeks after inoculation and on soapberry 6 weeks after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. The bacteria that were readily reisolated from the inoculated plants exhibited the same morphological, physiological characters and 16S rDNA sequence as the original culture and were confirmed as A. tumefaciens, fulfilling Koch's postulates. A. tumefaciens is endemic to China and has a very wide host range (1). However, crown gall of soapberry has never been found in China and other countries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. tumefaciens on soapberry plants in China. References: (1) M. A. Escobar and A. M. Dandekar. Trends Plant Sci. 8:380, 2003. (2) L. W. Moore et al. Page 17 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aerial trunk galls were observed on soapberry nursery plants in Zhejiang Province.
Verbatim
e0“large, aerial galls were observed on the above-ground trunks of 5-year-old soapberry plants in two commercial nursery gardens located in Zhejiang Province.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soapberry disease incidence was estimated at 75%.
- Taxon
- soapberryt0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefacienst0pathogen - Outcome
- Disease incidencee0
- Value
- 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease incidence was estimated to be 75%.”
t0“Agrobacterium tumefaciens on Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Soapberry galls weighed 2 to 24 g.
Verbatim
e0“The galls varied in weight from 2 to 24 g”
t0“Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Galled soapberry trees grew poorly compared with healthy trees.
Verbatim
e0“The trees with galls exhibited poor growth compared with healthy trees.”
t0“Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial isolates from soapberry galls were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
- Taxon
- Soapberryt0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciense0pathogen
- Outcome
- Agrobacterium tumefaciense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“confirmed the bacteria as Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a similarity of 0.90.”
t0“Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tomato plants developed tumors after three weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefacienst0pathogen
- Outcome
- Typical tumorse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Typical tumors developed at the inoculation sites on tomatoes and sunflower plants 3 weeks after inoculation”
t0“Agrobacterium tumefaciens”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated sunflower plants developed tumors after three weeks.
- Taxon
- sunflower plants
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefacienst0pathogen
- Outcome
- Typical tumorse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Typical tumors developed at the inoculation sites on tomatoes and sunflower plants 3 weeks after inoculation”
t0“Agrobacterium tumefaciens”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated soapberry developed tumors after six weeks.
- Taxon
- soapberrye0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefacienst0pathogen
- Outcome
- tumorse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on soapberry 6 weeks after inoculation.”
t0“Agrobacterium tumefaciens on Soapberry”
e1“Typical tumors developed at the inoculation sites on tomatoes and sunflower plants 3 weeks after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Water inoculated controls showed no symptoms.
Verbatim
e0“No symptoms were observed on the control plants.”
t0“Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculated plants yielded bacteria matching the original A. tumefaciens culture.
- Taxon
- soapberryt0
- Interactor
- A. tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciense0pathogen
- Outcome
- bacteria that were readily reisolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bacteria that were readily reisolated from the inoculated plants exhibited the same morphological, physiological characters and 16S rDNA sequence as the original culture and were confirmed as A. tumefaciens”
t0“Soapberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors reported A. tumefaciens on soapberry in China for the first time.
- Taxon
- soapberrye0
- Interactor
- A. tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciense0pathogen
- Outcome
- first report of A. tumefaciense0
- Setting
- Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of A. tumefaciens on soapberry plants in China.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Agrobacterium tumefaciens · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
inoculation · Agrobacterium tumefaciens · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.