Abstract
Abstract Many research studies have substituted soluble metal salts for sludge borne metal in attempts to define heavy metal uptake by plants. To assess this experimental approach and the effect of sewage sludge on the availability of soluble metals, soybean uptake of sludge and salt borne heavy metals was measured. Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’) were grown 30 days in a growth chamber on an Aquic Hapludoll loam soil receiving the following treatments: a) sewage sludge applications of 0, 34, 67, and 134 metric tons/ha; b) addition of a combination (L) of heavy metals, as inorganic salts, of 10 mg Cu, Cd, Cr, and 18 mg Zn/kg soil at three levels, L, 2L, and 4L; and c) sludge plus metal additions. Sludge applications increased dry matter production, tissue P and N content and reduced root nodulation. Heavy metals depressed plant growth and nodulation in the absence of sludge. A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application eliminated these adverse effects. The Zn concentration of seedling tissue increased with applied Zn, from both sludge borne and salt borne sources. However, per unit of added Zn, more Zn accumulated in tissue grown on sludge amended soil. The tissue concentration of Cu and Cd increased with added sludge. A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application depressed salt borne Cd uptake. Sludge borne Cr and Ni were not taken up by the plants. Plant uptake of salt borne Cd and Ni was enhanced by the presence of Zn, Cu, and Cr. Hence, the uptake of sludge borne metals cannot be predicted from data obtained in studies using inorganic salts as the metal source.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge increased soybean dry matter production.
- Taxon
- Soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Sludge applicationse0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge applications increased dry matter production, tissue P and N content and reduced root nodulation”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge increased tissue P and N content.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Sludge applicationse0
- Outcome
- tissue P and N contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge applications increased dry matter production, tissue P and N content and reduced root nodulation”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge reduced root nodulation.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Sludge applicationse0
- Outcome
- root nodulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge applications increased dry matter production, tissue P and N content and reduced root nodulation”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals depressed plant growth without sludge.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of sludgee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heavy metals depressed plant growth and nodulation in the absence of sludge”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals depressed nodulation without sludge.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of sludgee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heavy metals depressed plant growth and nodulation in the absence of sludge”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application eliminated adverse heavy-metal effects.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 34 metric tons/ha sludge applicatione0
- Outcome
- these adverse effectse0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application eliminated these adverse effects”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling tissue Zn rose with applied Zn from sludge and salt sources.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- applied Zne0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration of seedling tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Zn concentration of seedling tissue increased with applied Zn, from both sludge borne and salt borne sources”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
More Zn accumulated per unit added Zn on sludge-amended soil.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- sludge amended soile0
- Outcome
- Zn accumulated in tissuee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- per unit of added Zne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“per unit of added Zn, more Zn accumulated in tissue grown on sludge amended soil”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue Cu concentration increased with added sludge.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- added sludgee0
- Outcome
- tissue concentration of Cue0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tissue concentration of Cu and Cd increased with added sludge”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue Cd concentration increased with added sludge.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- added sludgee0
- Outcome
- Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tissue concentration of Cu and Cd increased with added sludge”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application depressed salt-borne Cd uptake.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 34 metric tons/ha sludge applicatione0
- Outcome
- salt borne Cd uptakee0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 34 metric tons/ha sludge application depressed salt borne Cd uptake”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants did not take up sludge-borne Cr or Ni.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Sludge borne Cr and Ni were not taken upe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge borne Cr and Ni were not taken up by the plants”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn, Cu and Cr enhanced uptake of salt-borne Cd and Ni.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- Zn, Cu, and Cre0
- Outcome
- Plant uptake of salt borne Cd and Nie0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant uptake of salt borne Cd and Ni was enhanced by the presence of Zn, Cu, and Cr”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Uptake of sludge-borne metals could not be predicted from inorganic-salt data.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- uptake of sludge borne metalse0
- Comparator
- data obtained in studies using inorganic salts as the metal sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the uptake of sludge borne metals cannot be predicted from data obtained in studies using inorganic salts as the metal source”
t0“Soybeans ( Glycine max L. var. ‘Corsoy’)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.