Abstract
Abstract Red clover plants were grown in the glasshouse in pots containing soil (at 20°C) from breeders' evaluation plots with a history of poor persistence of red clover. Fungal invasion of plants grown from seed treated with a mixture of metalaxyl and benomyl (each at 1.5 g(kg seed), of plants grown from untreated seed in sOIl drenched WIth a mixture of metalaxyl (0.15 g/m 2 ) and benomyl (1.0 g/m2), and of untreated plants, was investigated using plate culture isolation techniques. Seed‐ and soil‐drench fungicide treatments increased seedling emergence and prevented post‐emergence damping‐off. Pythium ultimum Trow and an unidentified sphaerosporangiate Pythium sp. were Isolated from roots of untreated seedlings which dampedoff. Fungi commonly isolated from surface‐sterilised tap roots of 3‐ and 6‐week‐old treated and untreated plants were (in order of decreasing frequency): Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., sterIle dark forms, F. solani (Mart.) Sacc., Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendrick (= Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferr.), Cylindrocarpon sp., C. destructans (Zins.) Scholten, Verticillium dahliae Kleb., sterile hyaline forms, Acremonium sp., Humicola sp., Chrysosporium sp., and Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan. Ch. elegans caused dark necrotic lesions. V. dahliae was the predommant fungal isolate from stele cylinders of tap roots of 12‐weekold plants and was associated with vascular browning of steles although F. solani, F. oxysporum, Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, Chrysosporium sp., and Phoma sp. were also often present. Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks, but by 12 weeks the incidences were similar. In invasiveness tests using red clover seedlings grown on water agar, 43 of 66 fungal isolates, including examples of all common species, formed necrotic lesions containing fungal hyphae on roots. A further II isolates, including V. dahliae , penetrated roots but caused no necrosis. In pathogenicity tests using 5‐week‐old plants inoculated by dipping roots in conidial suspensions, Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, V. dahliae , and F. solani , but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production; whereas Cy. scoparium killed all test plants. These results suggest that Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium , and V. dahliae should be considered as potentially important pathogens of red clover in New Zealqnd in addition to the Fusarium spp. normally associated with root rot diseases in other parts of the world.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Seed and soil fungicide treatments increased seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratenset0 - Treatment
- Seed‐ and soil‐drench fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed‐ and soil‐drench fungicide treatments increased seedling emergence”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Those fungicide treatments prevented post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Seed‐ and soil‐drench fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- post‐emergence damping‐offe0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed‐ and soil‐drench fungicide treatments increased seedling emergence and prevented post‐emergence damping‐off”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum was isolated from damped-off untreated seedlings.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Interactor
- Pythium ultimum TrowGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Isolated from roots of untreated seedlings which dampedoffe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pythium ultimum Trow and an unidentified sphaerosporangiate Pythium sp. were Isolated from roots of untreated seedlings which dampedoff”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
An unidentified Pythium species was isolated from damped-off seedlings.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- Isolated from roots of untreated seedlings which dampedoffe0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Pythium ultimum Trow and an unidentified sphaerosporangiate Pythium sp. were Isolated from roots of untreated seedlings which dampedoff”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Several fungi were commonly isolated from three- and six-week tap roots.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Organ / stage
- tap rootse0
- Outcome
- Fungi commonly isolated from surface‐sterilised tap rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungi commonly isolated from surface‐sterilised tap roots of 3‐ and 6‐week‐old treated and untreated plants were (in order of decreasing frequency): Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., sterIle dark forms, F. solani (Mart.) Sacc., Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendrick (= Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferr.), Cylindrocarpon sp., C. destructans (Zins.) Scholten, Verticillium dahliae Kleb., sterile hyaline forms, Acremonium sp., Humicola sp., Chrysosporium sp., and Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Chalara elegans caused dark necrotic lesions.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Interactor
- Ch. eleganse0pathogen
- Outcome
- dark necrotic lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans caused dark necrotic lesions”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Verticillium dahliae predominated in 12-week stele cylinders and accompanied browning.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Interactor
- V. dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee0pathogen - Outcome
- vascular browning of stelese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“V. dahliae was the predommant fungal isolate from stele cylinders of tap roots of 12‐weekold plants and was associated with vascular browning of steles”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide reduced fungal colonies at three and six weeks.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- fungal coloniese0
- Direction
- Fewere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
By 12 weeks fungal incidences were similar between fungicide and untreated roots.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- fungicidee1
- Outcome
- incidencese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but by 12 weeks the incidences were similar”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty-three of 66 isolates caused necrotic root lesions.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- necrotic lesions containing fungal hyphae on rootse0
- Value
- 43 of 66e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“43 of 66 fungal isolates, including examples of all common species, formed necrotic lesions containing fungal hyphae on roots”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven additional isolates penetrated roots without necrosis.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- penetrated roots but caused no necrosise0
- Value
- II isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A further II isolates, including V. dahliae , penetrated roots but caused no necrosis”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Chalara elegans reduced shoot dry matter after inoculation.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Ch. eleganse0
- Interactor
- Ch. eleganse0pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot dry matter productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, V. dahliae , and F. solani , but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Cylindrocladium scoparium reduced shoot dry matter after inoculation.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Cy. scopariume0
- Interactor
- Cy. scopariume0pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot dry matter productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, V. dahliae , and F. solani , but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Verticillium dahliae reduced shoot dry matter after inoculation.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- V. dahliaee0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot dry matter productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, V. dahliae , and F. solani , but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium solani reduced shoot dry matter after inoculation.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- F. solanie0
- Interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- shoot dry matter productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium, V. dahliae , and F. solani , but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium oxysporum did not reduce shoot dry matter in the tests.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- F. oxysporume0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- shoot dry matter productione0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“but not F. oxysporum , reduced shoot dry matter production”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Cylindrocladium scoparium killed all test plants.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Cy. scopariume0
- Interactor
- Cy. scopariume0pathogen
- Outcome
- killed all test plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cy. scoparium killed all test plants”
t0“red clover”
e1“Fewer fungal colonies grew on isolation media from roots of plants treated with fungicide than from roots of untreated plants at 3 and 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors identify three fungi as potentially important red clover pathogens in New Zealand.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Interactor
- Ch. eleganse0pathogen
- Outcome
- potentially important pathogens of red clovere0
- Setting
- New Zealqnde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch. elegans, Cy. scoparium , and V. dahliae should be considered as potentially important pathogens of red clover in New Zealqnd”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · pest · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
fungicide · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
application · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.