Abstract
To determine the effects of rootstock choice on the scion response to drought stress, we compared the vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, gas exchange, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks. Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR). The extent of this effect differed among rootstocks. Stress conditions led to increases in the root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUE. Decreases were noted in stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g s), again varying by rootstock. Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii. These results suggest that moisture stress has a significant dwarfing effect in the latter two species. Based on WUE calculations, trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed, whereas those on drought-sensitive rootstocks were less tolerant, as indicated by their lower WUE values.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Drought limited the growth of apple trees, with smaller increments in plant height, trunk diameter and total fresh biomass than well-watered controls.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- drought treatmente2
- Outcome
- plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB)e2
- Direction
- smaller incrementse2
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought limited total dry biomass, total leaf area and relative growth rate of apple trees relative to well-watered controls.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- drought treatmente2
- Outcome
- total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)e2
- Direction
- smaller incrementse2
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased the root/shoot ratio, leaf thickness and water-holding capacity of apple trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- Stress conditionse3
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC)e3
- Direction
- increasese3
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
e3“Stress conditions led to increases in the root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased carbon isotope composition and water-use efficiency of apple trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- Stress conditionse3
- Outcome
- carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUEe3
- Direction
- increasese3
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
e3“Stress conditions led to increases in the root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress decreased stomatal density, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content of apple trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- drought treatmente2
- Outcome
- stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl)e4
- Direction
- Decreasese4
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
e4“Decreases were noted in stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g s)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress decreased net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of apple trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 'Gale Gala'e1
- Treatment
- drought treatmente2
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g s)e4
- Direction
- Decreasese4
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
e4“Decreases were noted in stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g s)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks had smaller declines in plant height, trunk diameter and total fresh biomass than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- PH, TD, TBe5
- Direction
- smaller declinese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks had smaller declines in total dry biomass, leaf area and relative growth rate than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- TDB, LA, RGRe5
- Direction
- smaller declinese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks had smaller declines in stomatal density, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- SD, RWC, Chle5
- Direction
- smaller declinese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks had smaller declines in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- P N, E, and g se5
- Direction
- smaller declinese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks showed proportionally greater increases in root/shoot ratio, leaf thickness and water-holding capacity than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- RSR, LT, WHCe5
- Direction
- proportionally greater increasese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-tolerant rootstocks showed proportionally greater increases in carbon isotope composition and WUE than drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoidese5
- Treatment
- droughte5
- Outcome
- δ13C, and WUEe5
- Direction
- proportionally greater increasese5
- Comparator
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed than trees on drought-sensitive rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- drought-tolerant rootstockse6
- Outcome
- tolerance when stressede6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- drought-sensitive rootstockse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e6“trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed, whereas those on drought-sensitive rootstocks were less tolerant, as indicated by their lower WUE values”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees on drought-sensitive rootstocks had lower WUE values than trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- drought-sensitive rootstockse6
- Outcome
- WUE valuese6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- drought-tolerant rootstockse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e6“trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed, whereas those on drought-sensitive rootstocks were less tolerant, as indicated by their lower WUE values”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress had a significant dwarfing effect on M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Material
- M. hupehensis and M. sieboldiie5
- Treatment
- moisture stresse7
- Outcome
- dwarfinge7
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Comparator
- well-watered controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“of 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks”
e2“Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR)”
e5“Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, P N, E, and g s and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and M. sieboldii”
e7“These results suggest that moisture stress has a significant dwarfing effect in the latter two species”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: water · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →drought · physiology: gas exchange · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →drought · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.