Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and hydrogen peroxyacetic acid (HPA) treatments on the degradation of mancozeb and ethylenethiourea (ETU) in apples. This study was based on model experiments at neutral pH and temperature. Fresh apples were treated with two different levels of mancozeb (1 and 10 microg/mL). Several of the treatments were effective in reducing or removing mancozeb and ETU residues on spiked apples. Mancozeb residues decreased 56-99% with chlorine and 36-87% with chlorine dioxide treatments. ETU was completely degraded by 500 ppm of calcium hypochlorite and 10 ppm of chlorine dioxide at a 1 ppm spike level. However, at a 10 ppm spike level, the effectiveness of ETU degradation was lower than observed at 1 ppm level. Mancozeb residues decreased 56-97% with ozone treatment. At 1 and 3 ppm of ozone, no ETU residue was detected at 1 ppm of spiked mancozeb after both 3 and 30 min. HPA was also effective in degrading the mancozeb residues, with 44-99% reduction depending on treatment time and HPA concentrations. ETU was completely degraded at 500 ppm of HPA after 30 min of reaction time. These treatments indicated good potential for the removal of pesticide residues on fruit and in processed products.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine decreased mancozeb residues by 56-99%.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- chlorinee0
- Outcome
- Mancozeb residuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 56-99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mancozeb residues decreased 56-99% with chlorine and 36-87% with chlorine dioxide treatments.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine dioxide decreased mancozeb residues by 36-87%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- chlorine dioxidee0
- Outcome
- Mancozeb residuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 36-87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mancozeb residues decreased 56-99% with chlorine and 36-87% with chlorine dioxide treatments.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium hypochlorite completely degraded ETU at the 1 ppm spike level.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 500 ppm of calcium hypochloritee0
- Outcome
- ETUe0
- Direction
- completely degradede0
- Qualifier
- at a 1 ppm spike levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETU was completely degraded by 500 ppm of calcium hypochlorite and 10 ppm of chlorine dioxide at a 1 ppm spike level.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine dioxide completely degraded ETU at the 1 ppm spike level.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 10 ppm of chlorine dioxidee0
- Outcome
- ETUe0
- Direction
- completely degradede0
- Qualifier
- at a 1 ppm spike levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETU was completely degraded by 500 ppm of calcium hypochlorite and 10 ppm of chlorine dioxide at a 1 ppm spike level.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
ETU degradation effectiveness was lower at a 10 ppm spike level than at 1 ppm.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- effectiveness of ETU degradatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- 1 ppm levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at a 10 ppm spike level, the effectiveness of ETU degradation was lower than observed at 1 ppm level.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone decreased mancozeb residues by 56-97%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- Mancozeb residuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 56-97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mancozeb residues decreased 56-97% with ozone treatment.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
No ETU residue was detected after 1 ppm ozone treatment under the stated conditions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- no ETU residue was detectede0
- Qualifier
- At 1 and 3 ppm of ozonee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 1 and 3 ppm of ozone, no ETU residue was detected at 1 ppm of spiked mancozeb after both 3 and 30 min.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
No ETU residue was detected after 3 ppm ozone treatment under the stated conditions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 3 ppm of ozonee0
- Outcome
- no ETU residue was detectede0
- Qualifier
- at 1 ppm of spiked mancozeb after both 3 and 30 mine0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 1 and 3 ppm of ozone, no ETU residue was detected at 1 ppm of spiked mancozeb after both 3 and 30 min.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
HPA reduced mancozeb residues by 44-99%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- HPAe0
- Outcome
- mancozeb residuese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 44-99%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on treatment time and HPA concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HPA was also effective in degrading the mancozeb residues, with 44-99% reduction depending on treatment time and HPA concentrations.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
HPA completely degraded ETU after 30 minutes.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 500 ppm of HPAe0
- Outcome
- ETUe0
- Direction
- completely degradede0
- Qualifier
- after 30 min of reaction timee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETU was completely degraded at 500 ppm of HPA after 30 min of reaction time.”
e1“in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged these treatments promising for pesticide residue removal from fruit and processed products.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- removal of pesticide residues on fruit and in processed productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments indicated good potential for the removal of pesticide residues on fruit and in processed products.”
e1“in apples”
The same questions in other papers
dichlorine · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
ozone · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.