Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides causes seedling decay, stalk rot, ear rot, and mycotoxin contamination (primarily fumonisins) in maize. Systemic infection of maize plants by F. verticillioides can lead to kernel infection, but the frequency of this phenomenon has varied widely among experiments. Variation in the incidence of systemic infection has been attributed to environmental factors. In order to better understand the influence of environment, we investigated the effect of temperature on systemic development of F. verticillioides during vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. Maize seeds were inoculated with a green fluorescent protein-expressing strain of F. verticillioides, and grown in growth chambers under three different temperature regimes. In the vegetative-stage and reproductive-stage experiments, plants were evaluated at tasseling (VT stage), and at physiological maturity (R6 stage), respectively. Independently of the temperature treatment, F. verticillioides was reisolated from nearly 100% of belowground plant tissues. Frequency of reisolation of the inoculated strain declined acropetally in aboveground internodes at all temperature regimes. At VT, the high-temperature treatment had the highest systemic development of F. verticillioides in aboveground tissues. At R6, incidence of systemic infection was greater at both the high- and low-temperature regimes than at the average-temperature regime. F. verticillioides was isolated from higher internodes in plants at R6, compared to stage VT. The seed-inoculated strain was recovered from kernels of mature plants, although incidence of kernel infection did not differ significantly among treatments. During the vegetative growth stages, temperature had a significant effect on systemic development of F. verticillioides in stalks. At R6, the fungus reached higher internodes in the high-temperature treatment, but temperature did not have an effect on the incidence of kernels (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) or ear peduncles infected with the inoculated strain. These results support the role of high temperatures in promoting systemic infection of maize by F. verticillioides, but plant-to-seed transmission may be limited by other environmental factors that interact with temperature during the reproductive stages.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium verticillioides was reisolated from nearly 100% of belowground plant tissues independently of the temperature treatment.
- Organ / stage
- belowground plant tissuese1
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidese1pathogen - Outcome
- reisolatede1
- Value
- nearly 100%e1
- Qualifier
- Independently of the temperature treatmente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e1“Independently of the temperature treatment, F. verticillioides was reisolated from nearly 100% of belowground plant tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Reisolation frequency of the inoculated strain declined acropetally in aboveground internodes at all temperature regimes.
- Organ / stage
- aboveground internodese2
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- Frequency of reisolatione2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Qualifier
- at all temperature regimese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Fusarium verticillioides causes seedling decay”
e2“Frequency of reisolation of the inoculated strain declined acropetally in aboveground internodes at all temperature regimes”
Claim · model-written summary
At VT, the high-temperature treatment had the highest systemic development of F. verticillioides in aboveground tissues.
- Organ / stage
- aboveground tissuese3
- Treatment
- high-temperature treatmente3
- Interactor
- F. verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese3pathogen
- Outcome
- systemic developmente3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e3“At VT, the high-temperature treatment had the highest systemic development of F. verticillioides in aboveground tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At R6, incidence of systemic infection was greater at both the high- and low-temperature regimes than at the average-temperature regime.
- Treatment
- high- and low-temperature regimese4
- Outcome
- incidence of systemic infectione4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- average-temperature regimee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e4“At R6, incidence of systemic infection was greater at both the high- and low-temperature regimes than at the average-temperature regime”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides was isolated from higher internodes in plants at R6 than at stage VT.
- Treatment
- R6e5
- Interactor
- F. verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese5pathogen
- Outcome
- isolated from higher internodese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- stage VTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e5“F. verticillioides was isolated from higher internodes in plants at R6, compared to stage VT”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed-inoculated strain was recovered from kernels of mature plants.
- Organ / stage
- kernels of mature plantse6
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- recovered from kernels of mature plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e0“Fusarium verticillioides causes seedling decay”
e6“The seed-inoculated strain was recovered from kernels of mature plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Incidence of kernel infection did not differ significantly among temperature treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e7“incidence of kernel infection did not differ significantly among treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
During the vegetative growth stages, temperature had a significant effect on systemic development of F. verticillioides in stalks.
- Organ / stage
- stalkse6
- Treatment
- temperaturee6
- Interactor
- F. verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese6pathogen
- Outcome
- systemic developmente6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e6“During the vegetative growth stages, temperature had a significant effect on systemic development of F. verticillioides in stalks”
Claim · model-written summary
At R6, F. verticillioides reached higher internodes in the high-temperature treatment.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e5“At R6, the fungus reached higher internodes in the high-temperature treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature had no effect on the incidence of kernels or ear peduncles infected with the inoculated strain.
- Treatment
- temperaturee1
- Outcome
- incidence of kernels (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) or ear pedunclese1
- Direction
- did not have an effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e1“temperature did not have an effect on the incidence of kernels (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) or ear peduncles infected with the inoculated strain”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperatures support a role in promoting systemic infection of maize by F. verticillioides.
- Treatment
- high temperaturese1
- Interactor
- F. verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- systemic infectione1
- Direction
- promotinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Plants”
e1“These results support the role of high temperatures in promoting systemic infection of maize by F. verticillioides”
The same questions in other papers
cold · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →heat · Fusarium verticillioides · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.