Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Fungicides are widely used in conventional agriculture to control plant diseases. Prolonged usage often poses health problems as modern society is becoming more health-conscious. Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould, is an important postharvest pathogen which causes serious losses annually. The disease is currently managed with synthetic fungicides. There is, however, a growing concern globally about the continuous use of synthetic chemicals on food crops because of their potential effects on human health and the environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different concentrations (500-5,000 ppm) of 5 ethanol extracts of Neem, Pong-pong, Chili, Lemon grass, and Ginger were compared with DMSO and fungicide (Guazatine,1,000 ppm) for their anti-fungal activity (inhibition zone) in vitro on PDA media and during storage conditions. Lethality test LC50 (BST) was followed to determine the lethal dose from plant extract compared with the lethal dose for synthetic chemicals (Guazatine). RESULT: Crude extraction from Neem, Chili and, Pong-pong showed a complete inhibition zone at 3,000ppm (100%) in the green mould in vitro. At in vivo, concentrations (4,000 and 5,000ppm), Neem, Chili, and Pong-pong showed a high effect on the prevention of the development of mycelia growth Penicillium digitatum on the surface fruits in storage conditions at 25 °C±2. In addition, the lethal concentration (LC50) values of the crude extracts were investigated by using the Brine-shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) lethality test (BST). At 20.5 and 30 μg/ml-1, Neem, Pong-pong and hot Chili showed very high lethal toxicity on brine and effect. Lemon grass and Ginger killed 50% at 495 and 473 μg/ml(-1), respectively, compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Pong-pong, Neem, and chili showed positive effects on the inhibition of postharvest fungi as alternatives to fungicides, while bearing in mind the increasing global pollution of the environmental. Extracts from Lemon grass and Ginger have interesting antifungal activity and they are also toxic in bioassay against shrimp. These extracts or botanicals have a bright future in modern plant protection to replace conventional synthetic pesticides.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Neem extract completely inhibited green mould in vitro at 3,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Neeme0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume1pathogen - Outcome
- green moulde0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crude extraction from Neem, Chili and, Pong-pong showed a complete inhibition zone at 3,000ppm (100%) in the green mould in vitro.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
Chili extract completely inhibited green mould in vitro at 3,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Chilie0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- green moulde0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crude extraction from Neem, Chili and, Pong-pong showed a complete inhibition zone at 3,000ppm (100%) in the green mould in vitro.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
Pong-pong extract completely inhibited green mould in vitro at 3,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Pong-ponge0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- green moulde0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crude extraction from Neem, Chili and, Pong-pong showed a complete inhibition zone at 3,000ppm (100%) in the green mould in vitro.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem extract strongly prevented Penicillium digitatum growth on stored fruit at 4,000 and 5,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Neeme0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelia growth Penicillium digitatume0
- Direction
- preventione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At in vivo, concentrations (4,000 and 5,000ppm), Neem, Chili, and Pong-pong showed a high effect on the prevention of the development of mycelia growth Penicillium digitatum on the surface fruits in storage conditions at 25 °C±2.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
Chili extract strongly prevented Penicillium digitatum growth on stored fruit at 4,000 and 5,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Chilie0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelia growth Penicillium digitatume0
- Direction
- preventione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At in vivo, concentrations (4,000 and 5,000ppm), Neem, Chili, and Pong-pong showed a high effect on the prevention of the development of mycelia growth Penicillium digitatum on the surface fruits in storage conditions at 25 °C±2.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
Pong-pong extract strongly prevented Penicillium digitatum growth on stored fruit at 4,000 and 5,000ppm.
- Treatment
- Pong-ponge0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelia growth Penicillium digitatume0
- Direction
- preventione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At in vivo, concentrations (4,000 and 5,000ppm), Neem, Chili, and Pong-pong showed a high effect on the prevention of the development of mycelia growth Penicillium digitatum on the surface fruits in storage conditions at 25 °C±2.”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Pong-pong, Neem and chili extracts as alternatives to synthetic fungicides.
- Outcome
- alternatives to fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pong-pong, Neem, and chili showed positive effects on the inhibition of postharvest fungi as alternatives to fungicides”
e1“Penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Penicillium digitatum · CitrusPositive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.