Abstract
The oxylipin pathway is of central importance for plant defensive responses. Yet, the first step of the pathway, the liberation of linolenic acid following induction, is poorly understood. Phospholipases D (PLDs) have been hypothesized to mediate this process, but data from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) regarding the role of PLDs in plant resistance have remained controversial. Here, we cloned two chloroplast-localized PLD genes from rice (Oryza sativa), OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5, both of which were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis, mechanical wounding, and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA). Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld), which resulted in a 50% reduction of the expression of the two genes, reduced elicited levels of linolenic acid, JA, green leaf volatiles, and ethylene and attenuated the SSB-induced expression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (OsMPK3), a lipoxygenase (OsHI-LOX), a hydroperoxide lyase (OsHPL3), as well as a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (OsACS2). The impaired oxylipin and ethylene signaling in as-pld plants decreased the levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors and volatiles, improved the performance of SSB and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, and reduced the attractiveness of plants to a larval parasitoid of SSB, Apanteles chilonis. The production of trypsin protease inhibitors in as-pld plants could be partially restored by JA, while the resistance to rice brown planthopper and SSB was restored by green leaf volatile application. Our results show that phospholipases function as important components of herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses in rice.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5 were cloned as chloroplast-localized rice genes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Gene
- OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5e0
- Outcome
- chloroplast-localized PLD genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we cloned two chloroplast-localized PLD genes from rice (Oryza sativa), OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding by Chilo suppressalis up-regulated the two rice genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis
.jpg?width=60)
Chilo suppressalise0herbivore - Gene
- OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5e0
- Outcome
- OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5, both of which were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical wounding and jasmonic acid treatment up-regulated OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mechanical wounding, and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Gene
- OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5e0
- Outcome
- OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5, both of which were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis, mechanical wounding, and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense expression reduced OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5 expression by 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld)e0
- Gene
- OsPLDα4 and -α5e0
- Outcome
- expression of the two genese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld), which resulted in a 50% reduction of the expression of the two genes”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense expression reduced elicited linolenic acid, JA, green leaf volatiles, and ethylene.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld)e0
- Outcome
- elicited levels of linolenic acid, JA, green leaf volatiles, and ethylenee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld), which resulted in a 50% reduction of the expression of the two genes, reduced elicited levels of linolenic acid, JA, green leaf volatiles, and ethylene”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense expression attenuated stem-borer-induced expression of OsMPK3, OsHI-LOX, OsHPL3, and OsACS2.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld)e1
- Gene
- OsMPK3e0
- Outcome
- SSB-induced expressione0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“attenuated the SSB-induced expression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (OsMPK3), a lipoxygenase (OsHI-LOX), a hydroperoxide lyase (OsHPL3), as well as a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (OsACS2)”
t0“Rice”
e1“Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld)”
Claim · model-written summary
The as-pld plants had decreased herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors and volatiles.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- as-pld plantse0
- Outcome
- levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors and volatilese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The impaired oxylipin and ethylene signaling in as-pld plants decreased the levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors and volatiles”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer performance improved on as-pld plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- SSBe0herbivore
- Outcome
- performance of SSBe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved the performance of SSB and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown planthopper performance improved on as-pld plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Nilaparvata lugens
Nilaparvata lugense0herbivore - Outcome
- performance of SSB and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugense0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved the performance of SSB and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
As-pld plants were less attractive to the parasitoid Apanteles chilonis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Apanteles chilonis
_Figure_8.jpg?width=60)
Cotesia chilonise0parasite - Outcome
- attractiveness of plants to a larval parasitoid of SSBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_8.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“reduced the attractiveness of plants to a larval parasitoid of SSB, Apanteles chilonis”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
JA partially restored trypsin protease inhibitor production in as-pld plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- as-pld plantse0
- Treatment
- JAe0
- Outcome
- production of trypsin protease inhibitorse0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- partiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The production of trypsin protease inhibitors in as-pld plants could be partially restored by JA”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Green leaf volatile application restored resistance to brown planthopper and stem borer.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green leaf volatile applicatione0
- Interactor
- rice brown planthoppere0herbivore
- Second interactor
- SSBe0herbivore
- Outcome
- resistance to rice brown planthopper and SSBe0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resistance to rice brown planthopper and SSB was restored by green leaf volatile application”
t0“Rice”
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